Showing posts with label latvian. Show all posts
Showing posts with label latvian. Show all posts

Lots of languages welcome Latvia to the Euro

Wednesday, January 01, 2014

This video is a ton of fun to watch. It's a compilation of greetings to Latvia which has just entered the Eurozone, and only one is in English.



It has:

-- A short greeting in Estonian,
-- A longer greeting in French,
-- A word or two in Irish,
-- A longer greeting in Portuguese,
-- A short greeting in (Austrian) German,
-- A short greeting in Slovenian,
-- A medium-sized greeting in Italian with a few words of Latvian at the end,
-- A short greeting in Luxembourgish (I think),
-- A sentence in Spanish welcoming them to the Thona Euro,
-- A sentence in Greek,
-- A sentence in Finnish,
-- A sentence in German,
-- And finally ends with Latvian.

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Not your typical copyright-free multilingual dictionary

Tuesday, November 20, 2012

Archive.org is one of my favourite places to perform a random search to see what turns up, and I've frequently posted on some of their good multilingual dictionaries and phrase books, usually in the major languages of the time: English, French, all the way to Russian and sometimes Dutch or Swedish or what have you. Today's find is a multilingual dictionary containing much rarer languages.

Any guesses? There are seven of them in total. Hint: they're all European.




Ready?



The languages are:


German,
Polish,
Russian,
Belarusian,
Lithuanian,
Latvian,
Yiddish.

No English. Here's the dictionary.

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Meetlatvia videos - very nicely done

Thursday, June 28, 2012

Two days ago I came across a small set of very nicely done videos on Latvia, done in Latvian with subtitles in a number of languages: English, Belarusian, Romanian, Russian, and Ukrainian. It's a pity that the subtitles don't include the original Latvian (most people that find themselves interested in Latvia enough to watch a few videos on it would probably like to see the script as well), but this is their only real drawback. I may ask the owner of the account if (s)he would be interested in adding the original Latvian, but the user hasn't logged in for about a year so there's a good chance the message would not be received.











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Poll results on Russian as an official language in Latvia

Monday, June 25, 2012

It's time to put up another poll and so here are the results of the most recent one (although it ended back in February) for posterity:


Should Russian be added as an official language in Latvia?

Strong yes 131 (27%)
Leaning yes 102 (21%)
Neutral 44 (9%)
Leaning no 43 (8%)
Strong no 141 (29%)
Undecided 21 (4%)
Other 3 (0%)

On top of looking at it as a yes-no question, it can also be summed up by strength of opinion, which shows that strong opinions alone form a majority:

Strong: 272 (56%)
Leaning: 145 (29%)
Neutral / Undecided: 65 (13%)
Other: 3 (0%)

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Looking for Latin recorded by a Latvian native speaker

Friday, June 08, 2012

Anybody have any leads on this? A lot of reconstructed Latin as recorded by English or other speakers tends to overemphasize vowel length, but Latvian as a language with vowel length (and vowel length performing a function in declension no less) would lead one to believe that a Latvian speaker's Latin should sound more natural. I have yet to find a recording of this though, hence the post.

After posting this I may look around YouTube a bit for any Latvians that may know some Latin / would be interested in recording something.

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Latvian referendum on Russian as an official language took place today

Sunday, February 19, 2012

The referendum that took place today is why I repeatedly extended the deadline for my own personal poll on the same issue. It looks like so far the results are 75% opposed, with 93% of the votes counted.

A few sites before the referendum surmised that Russian could become an official language of the EU if it were to pass. Allow me to mention again my mostly silly idea to make it happen: 1) make Kaliningrad an independent state, 2) fund it to the teeth and help it to meet EU entry requirements as quickly as it can, 3) watch the tiny country join and see Russian become an official language. This will never happen, but it is fun to imagine.

Edit: in related news, looks like Latvijas Radio has redesigned its webpage, which means I'll have to look around for the articles with audio and matching text again. There are a lot more audio buttons on other articles now, but they are expanded versions of the short text summaries, and aren't all that helpful for the language learner.

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Referendum on Russian as official language in Latvia to take place 18 February

Wednesday, January 04, 2012

This news just came in today and I noticed it here first in French:

A national referendum on granting the status of a second official language to Russian in Latvia will take place on 18 February, announced Tuesday the country's Central Electoral Commission.

More than half of the electorate (the number that voted in the last legislative elections), at least 771,893 people, must approve this idea for it to be validated.

According to Latvian legislation, the referendum is to take place despite the rejection in parliament on 22 December of the bill to make Russian official.

Don't forget to vote in the poll on the right about this issue. I've extended it a few times as I want to see it hit at least 300 votes.

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Latvian parliament rejects Russian as official language; national referendum is next

Saturday, December 24, 2011

Noticed this here just now in French, and no need to translate anything as you can read about it in English here and here. The vote was 60 against (out of 100) and 31 members of Harmony Center walked out in protest. Apparently the referendum may take place in February.

This reminds me: are there are Indo-European languages with grammatical gender (two or three genders) that have a perfect correspondence between word endings and gender? Latvian comes close, but then so do Spanish, Bulgarian and a great many others. I have yet to come across one though where a student can simply look at the ending of any word and know exactly how to decline a noun.

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Necessary signatures collected in Latvia for bill on Russian as official language

Thursday, December 01, 2011

A day after the last post on the collection of signatures in Latvia, it seems that the necessary amount has been collected (article in Latvian). The Voice of Russia has jumped the gun a bit with the article "Russian to be language in Latvia" (I assume they mean official language in Latvia; it already was a language in Latvia), but apparently the process from now on is to:

1) validate the signatures
2) vote on the constitutional amendment in Parliament
3) have a national referendum if the bill is amended or rejected.

That first article has over 150 comments, and copying and pasting them into Google Translate is a lot of fun.

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Signatures for referendum to make Russian second official language in Latvia near target but short

Wednesday, November 30, 2011

You can read about it here in English and here in Latvian. From what I understand a ballot initiative requires signatures of 10% of the voting public, after which it is voted on in Parliament, and if it doesn't pass there then it is brought up a final time as a national referendum. The most recent number of signatures as of 29 November is 130 678, which is 12 533 short of the necessary 154 379. I believe there is only a month to gather signatures, meaning that about 4000 were gathered per day, making the necessary amount somewhat difficult but still quite possible. We'll find out soon what the total is.

The next Page F30 reader poll will be on this subject.

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Proposition: Latvian is the best modern language to learn to gain an instinctive knowledge of Latin grammar and speech habits

Tuesday, May 31, 2011

I think I've touched on this subject here a bit before, but I would like to lay it out in a bit more detail for readers to comment on and tell me if the proposition is right or wrong. The similarity between Latvian and Latin that I'm proposing here is akin to that between English and French, two languages from different branches of the Indo-European language family but with a very similar word order and style (albeit with some great differences). English and Bulgarian might be another good example.

First a comment on the Romance languages: the Romance languages have a vocabulary composed mostly of words that can be traced back to Latin, but besides verb usage and vocabulary they really don't feel that much like Latin at all:

- Latin is pronounced exactly as it is written while Romance languages always vary to a certain extent. Even Spanish for all its simplicity isn't as simple as 'c sounds like k in kilogram, the end', and let's not even start with French.

- Latin has no articles.

- Romance languages, with the exception of Romanian, do not use cases except in the personal pronouns.

- Romance languages do not have nearly as flexible a word order as Latin.


So what about Latvian? I don't have the time today for a long post on the subject, but there are a few aspects that really resemble Latin.

- Cases and articles are the obvious one. Latin has about six or seven cases, and so does Latvian. Neither of them have articles. Okay, but so do a lot of other languages. What else?

- Spelling, pronunciation and stress. Latvian spelling is nearly identical to its pronunciation (the letter o is the most notable exception), but stress is also almost always regular. Latin stress is also easy to predict. This also is shared by a lot of other languages. Why Latvian? Here's why:


Vowel length. And more importantly, the fact that vowel length plays a role in declension, just like Latin.

Why is this important? Because spoken Latin, to be honest, very often sounds extremely awkward. Vowel length in spoken Latin is usually either ignored or overemphasized to the point of absurdity. With the former the listener has a hard time telling what the speaker is trying to say (was that nominative or ablative?), with the latter you tend to cringe hearing it, knowing that there's no way an ancient Roman ever sounded that awkward.


A table of declension for a few nouns in both languages should demonstrate this a bit. First Latvian:

1st decl. 2nd decl. 3rd decl.
Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur.
Nom. vīrs vīri skapis skapji tirgus tirgi
Gen. vīra vīru skapja skapju tirgus tirgu
Dat. vīram vīriem skapim skapjiem tirgum tirgiem
Acc. vīru vīrus skapi skapjus tirgu tirgus
Ins. vīru vīriem skapi skapjiem tirgu tirgiem
Loc. vīrā vīros skapī skapjos tirgū tirgos
Voc. vīr vīri skapi skapji tirgu tirgi

Then Latin.

Nominative dominus –us dominī –ī
Vocative domine –e dominī –ī
Accusative dominum –um dominōs –ōs
Genitive dominī –ī dominōrum –ōrum
Dative dominō –ō dominīs –īs
Ablative dominō –ō dominīs –īs


Nominative bellum –um bella –a
Vocative bellum –um bella –a
Accusative bellum –um bella –a
Genitive bellī –ī bellōrum –ōrum
Dative bellō –ō bellīs –īs
Ablative bellō –ō bellīs –īs


What is interesting is that Latvian's nearest relative, Lithuanian, does not offer the same thing. Lithuanian has an irregular stress (or rather, a stress that apparently is actually regular but based on some very complex patterns), and its locative case is -oje (Amerika - Amerikoje) -e (Kaunas - Kaune), -uose and some other similar forms. But a long vowel at the end, grammatically necessary to denote case but unstressed? That's Latin, and that's Latvian. That is, with Latvian you are constantly learning the difference between vowel length and stress, and how to avoid mixing up the two. Far too often students tend to put them together, stressing long vowels or lengthening stressed vowels.


If I were to recommend two modern languages to aid in one's understanding of Latin, I would recommend Italian and Latvian. The former for vocabulary, the latter for stress, vowel length, case usage and underlying Indo-European feel.


Final note: Slavic languages are not my area of specialty, and I believe there are some like Slovak with a regular stress and different vowel lengths. If anyone believes one of them to be more apt in gaining an instinctive knowledge of Latin grammar and pronunciation (stress and vowel length), let me know. As the title states, this is a proposition and not a conclusion.

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Mongolian hip hop, Latvian radio, Jojo sucht das Glück

Wednesday, December 08, 2010

I have three things to share today that I think I'll put in a single post. The first is this song, the first Mongolian hip hop I've ever heard. I have a Mongolian textbook and dictionary here in Korea but have never had the time to give the language a good look over besides skimming through and noticing parts that resemble Turkish and Korean, and thanks to them I feel like giving it a closer look.



Now we go back to Latvian: one great resource for listening and reading can be found right here on Latvijas Radio, in the part called Eiropas ziņas near the bottom. Also Biznesa ziņas right below. The text and audio almost always match up, especially when Jānis Zariņš is reading the script. For some reason one of the female staff there enjoys veering from the script as much as possible so watch out for her as she will just confuse you. In spite of her efforts to confuse students of Latvian the rest of it is extremely good, and having such a resource is quite rare for a language of its size. I have yet to find anything of this sort for Estonian and Lithuanian, and I've asked around quite a bit too. Luckily there is Lithuanian Out Loud, but Estonia's national broadcaster only has a few videos with subtitles that match about three quarters of the time.

The last resource to mention is another instance where Deutsche Welle has outdone itself. Not content with merely creating German courses with audio and pdfs, they have created a telenovela for German students called Jojo sucht das Glück about a girl from Brazil who moves to Köln and...well, I haven't gotten to the end yet and neither have they. 22 episodes are out now and I think there are ten left, one a week. Each episode is only about three to four minutes, and the best way to go over it is: 1) watch the video with German subtitles, 2) read the dialogue and grammatical notes on pdf, 3) watch the video again, and then go on to the next episode. Deutsche Welle continues to blow all the other national broadcasters out of the water in the quality of the materials they produce. No other broadcaster I've seen comes even close.

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Release the Latvian, part 2! (Latvian Self-Taught for English Speaking People)

Monday, December 06, 2010

Archive.org has a textbook here for Latvian that is actually not too bad. The reason why I use that phrasing is that the old texts on archive.org are often less than useful for learning languages, given how both the target language and English have changed over time. Most German readers are written entirely in Fraktur for example, and old spelling conventions (tun = thun, Tür = Thür, komplizieren = komplicieren, etc.) on top of that make it even more confusing for the student. Such books can be used if a native speaker were to go through them and iron out the archaisms.

Now, as for why the Latvian textbook is so good: it turns out that the author was born in 1934. That would place the publication of the book sometime in the 1950s or 1960s I suppose, which one would assume would still be in copyright but since Archive.org has uploaded it that's their concern. In the meantime I've typed up half of the book, which I'll upload now as it's divided into two books within a single volume. So here it is:

(more after the jump if you're viewing this from the main page)

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Release the Latvian!

Thursday, November 18, 2010

Last month (10 October) I typed up a Latvian Peace Corps textbook from the 1990s and was about to publish it when I decided I would wait until a busy day when I had many other things besides blogging to do. Well, today is the day. Here's the Latvian course!

-----

Over at Eric.ed.gov there are Peace Corps manuals for a number of languages, one of which is Latvian. There is also an Estonian one there and though a Lithuanian one can't be found on the site it's safe to assume that they made one at around the same time, in the early 1990s when the Baltic countries had just become independent again and things were still pretty chaotic and underdeveloped economically. Because of this the cultural notes within the textbooks are now pretty much useless, though quite interesting. The Latvian textbook for example talks about Latvia's plan to introduce its own currency instead of the Ruble, says that roads outside of the main cities are all made of gravel, men work hard and women marry young, that sort of thing.

I spent part of last week typing up the dialogues for fun, and now that it's done here it is without any formatting. In all honesty it's not the best textbook, as the dialogues are too short and grammatical explanations are not detailed and friendly enough. With this book alone it would be pretty hard to pick up the language, though of course it was made for people who were actually going to the country so I expect they referred to the textbook very infrequently and instead found other ways in real life to learn Latvian.

Oh, and be sure to let me know where the inevitable typos are if you know Latvian.


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Estonian linguists and the Livonian language

Monday, October 11, 2010

Here's an interesting video on the Livonian language featuring a few talks (mostly in Latvian) with an old Livonian woman who talks about her mother tongue as well as efforts by Estonian linguists who came to visit her and the area a number of times, who would spend a great deal of time with her asking her to name pretty much everything she saw. The video gets interesting after about a minute in, and she's just shearing a sheep's wool in the beginning so don't worry (I thought for a moment in the beginning that it was going to be about animal sacrifice in Livonia).

As is often the case in countries that are stable, free and relatively prosperous, language revival is a fairly easy thing to do and apparently Livonian has a few dozen fluent (though not native) speakers again after technically dying out.



Livonian also has a test Wikipedia here.

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Latvian stuff is great stuff

Sunday, October 03, 2010

Take a look at this site, called Latvianstuff.com At first glance it's quite plain and unassuming, but it's actually one of the best places to learn basic Latvian online. The language lessons start here, and their structure reminds me a lot of the Lithuanian course on ikindalikelanguages.com which you can see here, in that it doesn't barrage the new student with a ton of linguistic terms and charts in the beginning, but rather brings in new concepts one step at a time. First only one type of noun declension, then another, and the same with verbs and everything else. There are a lot of mp3 files as well so listening is covered too. Considering what a good job the site owner is doing I thought I would give it a bit of extra attention.

The course also seems to be recently updated too, with the most recent lesson (lesson 12) created a month ago and an upcoming lesson 13 (not sure when).

On Latvian and Lithuanian difficulty this post (from ikindalikelanguages again) may be interesting as it claims that Latvian is the easier language to learn and gives a number of good reasons why. One of the key reasons is the almost entirely regular stress. Having studied some Estonian and having lived there for a month too, Latvian looks exactly like what I would expect it to be - a somewhat more Estonian-like Lithuanian. Words like māja (house) and grāmata (book) are obvious, but other aspects such as using the verb to be to mean to have are interesting too. In Estonian one says mul on noun (lit. on me is) and in Latvian it's man ir noun (to/for me is). The question word vai which also means or seems to be the same as the Estonian word too, which is või.

On the other hand, apparently Latvian has more Russian loanwords than Lithuanian but I wouldn't recognize those, just the Estonian.

I wrote a post about that same subject last year, but it's interesting to now see the similarities in grammar as well instead of just vocabulary. The Wikipedia page on Estonian vocabulary is also excellent, giving numerous examples of where Baltic and other loanwords have entered Estonian.

By the way, Latvia had an election yesterday.

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The entire Latvian national epic Lāčplēsis can be heard online

Sunday, May 02, 2010

I was browsing through LibriVox yesterday and taking a look in particular at some of the smaller languages, and noted that Latvian had just one entry. Most of the time languages with just a few entries will have perhaps the Declaration of Human Rights and a few small select bits of poetry, but Latvian's one entry turned out to be especially long - it's Lāčplēsis, the Latvian national epic. Meaning bear-slayer, the reason for the name is:

His name means "Bear-slayer", because as a young man, living as the adopted son of the Lord of Lielvārde, he kills a bear by ripping its jaws apart with his hands.
Weird. I had a very memorable dream a few years ago where I did the same thing. Along came a bear to accost us and I flew up in the air and crushed its skull with my left hand. Felt really bad about it too within the dream as this particular bear couldn't be reasoned with so I had no choice but to use excessive force.

Anyway, back to the real Lāčplēsis: the page on LibriVox is here, and the total running time is almost 3.5 hours. Latvian has much less content online than Lithuanian, making resources that much more valuable for those who wish to learn it. The link on the LibriVox page doesn't work exactly as it should, so here is the text: part 1, part 2, part 3, part 4, part 5, and part 6.

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Update on article count for Baltic language Wikipedias, December 2009

Tuesday, December 15, 2009

All three Wikipedias from the Baltic countries are about to reach a new milestone, so here's where they are at the moment:

Lithuanian is now at 98,468, so getting quite close to 100,000. Passing 100,000 might not happen for another week or two or three though. The Lithuanian Wikipedia has always seemed to be quite conscious of the article count, and recently they've added a bar as well:




Next is Estonian, which is about to reach 70,000.



And finally Latvian:



Not sure what the deal is with Latvian - just barely on the verge of 25,000 articles is quite low. Even Occitan has over 20,000 and Latin is now at 33,000+. The populations of the respective countries are 3.3 million for Lithuania, 1.3 million for Estonia, and 2.2 million for Latvia. Perhaps it's just lack of interest. The Korean Wikipedia spent quite a bit of time at a pretty tiny size for its population, but after reaching something over 30,000 it really began to take off and now is at 122,000+, and has now become quite the source of information for a lot of subjects that can't be found anywhere else. Latvian just may not have reached that critical mass yet.

While we're on the subject, a bit of commentary on the Baltic languages: everybody knows that Estonian is not a Baltic language in spite of being a Baltic country, and this is written in every guidebook to the Baltic states. This is of course true, but this is looking at the languages from a historical perspective: Estonian is part of one branch, Latvian and Lithuanian are from another, etc. But what is often more important to the reader is not whether two languages are historically related (i.e. the descendants of a single historical language), but whether learning Language A is helpful in learning Language B. That is, whether the knowledge and habits one has acquired from learning one help when moving on to another. And from this point of view, the three languages are quite complementary. Here are a few ways in which the three complement each other:

- no articles. Translating from one language without articles into another without them takes less effort than if one has them and the other doesn't.

- use of suffixes. That is, the action in using a word takes place at the end. Lithuanian internetas becomes interneto (of the internet), Estonian internet becomes interneti. Lithuanian ekonomika becomes ekonomikoje (in the/a economy), in Estonian majandus (economy) becomes majanduses.

- word order is generally SVO, but is still relatively free and can be switched around for fun or emphasis.

- Latvian and Estonian both have the stress on the first syllable (Lithuanian is different here though).

- Estonian has acquired a few hundred loanwords from the Baltic languages, such as ratas (wheel).

- Estonian doesn't have vowel harmony (other Finno-Ugric languages do).

- And of course there is the influence of other neighboring languages, such as Russian and some others, which have also brought in a certain amount of shared vocabulary.


This is a little similar to Turkish and Persian, two languages that also have completely different linguistic ancestors but have a fair amount of shared influence, making one helpful in learning the other. Turkish and Persian have a much larger shared corpus than Estonian and Latvian/Lithuanian, but then again the three Baltic states all use the Latin alphabet whereas Turkish uses the Latin alphabet and Iran the Perso-Arabic script, so they may just balance each other out in this way.

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Latvian, Lithuanian and Indo-European influences on Estonian and Finnish vocabulary

Monday, August 03, 2009


There is an interesting discussion on a forum for learning Lithuanian here with some examples of words that are likely loanwords from Latvian or Lithuanian, and Wikipedia also has a page here on the loanwords into Estonian from various language groups. Those first learning Estonian that have a knowledge of German will notice quite a few from there, but there are a lot of older loanwords from languages like Proto-Baltic that are also quite interesting, like ratas for wheel.

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Detailed info on Rosetta's approach to the asteroid Steins in early September. And a debate on Latvian and Lithuanian.

Tuesday, August 05, 2008

253 Mathilde, an example of an asteroid. The one Rosetta will be encountering in a month is much smaller than this, but larger than Dactyl.

Rosetta woke up a month ago in preparation for its encounter with the asteroid Steins (technically 2867 Šteins) that will happen in exactly one month from now, and on its way there it will be conducting a large amount of extra observations since it's now approaching the point where its much closer vantage point will give it more precise information on the position of the asteroid than we have here on Earth, and it needs to take advantage of this to have as successful a flyby as possible. ESA has a detailed account of what exactly it will be doing on the way there:
Rosetta started the optical navigation campaign on 4 August 2008, at a distance of about 24 million km from Steins; the campaign will continue until 4 September, when the spacecraft will be approximately 950 000 km from the asteroid.

"The orbit of Steins, with which Rosetta will rendezvous on 5 September, closing to a distance of 800 km, is only known thanks to ground observations, but not yet with the accuracy we would like for the close fly-by," said Gerhard Schwehm, Rosetta Mission Manager based at ESA's European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), near Madrid, Spain.
24 million km = about 70 times the distance from the Earth to the Moon, 950 000 km is under three times the distance.

For the first three weeks only one of its instruments will be able to see the asteroid:
"For the first three weeks of the campaign, however, only the powerful eyes of OSIRIS will actually be able to spot the asteroid, which will look only like a dot in the sky," said Andrea Accomazzo, Rosetta Spacecraft Operations Manager at ESA's European Space Operations Centre (ESOC), Darmstadt, Germany.

"Starting 11 days before closest approach, as the distance with Steins decreases, the two Rosetta navigation cameras will finally be able to see and track the asteroid, too," he added.

For the first three weeks of the campaign, Rosetta will image Steins twice a week and then, starting on 25 August, it will take images daily until 4 September.
One more month to wait. It's nice to have these small events to tide us over as we wait for much bigger first encounters such as Vesta and Ceres.

By the way, if you're Latvian here's the article on the astronomer that the asteroid was given the name of:

Kārlis Šteins (dzimis 1911. gada 13. oktobrī Kazaņā, Krievijā, miris 1983. gada 4. aprīlī) - latviešu astronoms.

1925. gadā Rīgā absolvēja Rīgas pilsētas 2. vidusskolu. 1929. gadā iestājās Latvijas Universitātes Matemātikas un dabaszinātņu fakultātē un studēja astronomiju. 1934. gadā sekmīgi beidza universitāti. Studiju laikā 1933. gadā K. Šteins devās uz Poliju, kur 3 mēnešus praktizējās Krakovas astronomiskās observatorijas direktora profesora Tadeuša Banahēviča vadībā. Krakovas observatorijā Kārlis strādāja par asistentu arī pēc universitātes beigšanas 1935. - 1936. gadā. Darbība Krakovā galvenokārt bija saistīta ar mazo planētu fotografēšanu un to orbītu aprēķināšanu. Šteins pirmais noteicis mazās planētas 1933 OP=QP precīzu orbītu. Mazā planēta ieguva kārtas skaitli 1284, un saskaņā ar tradīciju orbītas aprēķinātājs tai devis nosaukumu – 1284 Latvia.

Kopš 1951. gada Kārlis Šteins bija Latvijas Valsts Universitātes Teorētiskās fizikas katedras mācību spēks. Kopš 1956. gada – docents, kopš 1966. gada – profesors. 1958. gadā kļuva par Starptautiskās astronomu savienības (IAU) biedru. Kopš 1967. gada – PSRS Zinātņu akadēmijas Astronomijas padomes loceklis.

Astronomijas zinātni K. Šteins bagātināja ar saviem pētījumiem kosmogonijā, debess mehānikā un dažos precīzā laika noteikšanas jautājumos. Kārlis Šteins publicējis vairāk nekā 120 darbu. 1963. gadā PSRS ZA Galvenajā astronomiskajā observatorijā Pulkovā aizstāvēja doktora disertāciju „Komētu orbītu evolūcija”.

Šteina vārdā nosaukti viņa atklātie komētu difūzijas likumi. Arī mazā planēta 2867 ir ieguvusi nosaukumu Šteins.

That reminds me, back in April I asked a question on Auxlang about a page I found that makes the argument that Latvian is closer to the original Indo-European language than Lithuanian. The common wisdom is that Lithuanian is more conservative, which is what makes it interesting. Here's the page, and a few of the points:

Latvian vs. Lithuanian
Which Language Retains An"Older" (more Archaic) Form of Indo-European?

The relatively greater age of Lithuanian over Latvian was first alleged by August Schleicher (1821-1868), who published the first comprehensive grammatical study of the Lithuanian language. See the Latvian Language Insitute and the Institute of Lithuanian Language.

However, Schleicher conducted most of his work in East Prussia and NEVER actually came into contact with the actual primary Lithuanian dialect, so that his conclusions must be regarded with great scepticism.

Moreover, Schleicher made his conclusions at a time when there was a near vacuum of information and research on Latvian. The Latvian Grammar ( Lettische Grammatik ) of Endzelins first appeared in Riga in 1922. Essentially, Schleicher's conclusions have just not been questioned since that time, except for a few researchers who HAVE dealt with the subject intensively. Those who have dealt with the issue intensively, such as the German Rainer Eckert or the Scandinavian Ekblom, come to other conclusions.

Professor Rainer Eckert, University of Greifswald, provides several examples, which, according to him, point to the relatively greater age of Latvian than Lithuanian, evidenced by:

FIRST - the retention of older Indo-European irregular inflections (heteroclites); and,

SECOND - retention of the older i-stem in the roots of nominative forms of words, which are not retained in Lithuanian or in Old Prussian.

"Older" is used here in following sense: if we presume a proto-language, then a language which most nearly retains the original forms of this language is "older" and languages which show greater innovation in these forms is "newer", although all languages are of course equally "old" in tracing their roots back to the proto-language.

To the above two points we can add more:

THIRD - Latvian is the ONLY language in Indo-European WITHOUT aspirates. It is impossible to argue that Latvian is an archaic form of Indo-European and somehow allege it has LOST all aspirates without a trace. The only possible explanation is that
Latvian NEVER had aspirates - neither did Nostratic ! - and that this is the original state for Indo-European.

FOURTH - Latvian is the ONLY language in Indo-European in which ALL words are stressed on the FIRST SYLLABLE, and where later more modern "sing-song" effects are not present and where stress or accent has not been transferred to interceding or closing syllables carrying less than the initial important meaning of the word.

FIFTH - the lexical origin of words is easily reconstructed within the Latvian language itself, without recourse to any other outside sources or languages - it is an ORIGINAL language, explaining even difficult forms in Sumerian.
To which Kjell responded in Occidental:
It esset un tre interessant missage pri li leton e lituan lingues. Alcun curt comentaries de un persone qui ha jetat regardes in li leton lingue.

In mi studies del leton lingue yo sovent trova que ti lingue fa me pensar pri li gotic de Vulfila e su consortes. In li gotic lingue li nominative del masculiines terminat in -s quam in leton, ma il me sembla que plu ancian formes anc posset finir in -as. Talmen it esset con li parole "fisks" < "fiskas". Interessant que on mentiona Ekblom, il esset li autor del unesmi russ grammatica quel yo studiat. Ekblom esset li biblie por li studentes de slavistica in li 50's e 60's. Ekblom esset un legendari persone in li academic vive in Uppsala. Quant al constatation pri li absentia de aspirat consonantes in letton, yo me demanda si it existe aspirat consonantes in lituane o in russ! Yo semper credet que li aspirato consonantes esset un peculiaritá del germanic lingues - e omni los ne have, a mi comprension, t.e. si on ne usa "aspirat" in un altri sensu quam ti de un audubil -h- post ne-voceat consonantes in fort position (in stressat silabes). Li leton lingue es amusant in to que quande on vide un parole quam "suns" on pensa que to es "filio", relat al russ "syn" o un old-nordic "sunus" quel on anc trova in li gotico, ma no! Li parole significa "can", relatat al gotic "hunds" e german e scandinavian "hund". Ma lu amusant es que li leton parole seque li fonetic leges que yo un cert vez aprendet! Yo me questiona si li dainas, un sorte de folkloristic literatura, ne in factu es un cose quel ha existet in omni religiones orientmen del Baltic mar. Compara anc li folkloric literatura quel dat quam resultat li Kalevala in Finlandia e Kalevipoeg in Estonia. Forsan omni li popules circum li Baltic mar havet tal literatures, ma exemplemen in Svedia it ne havet unn Snorri Sturlason qui posit ti literature in scrit forme. Li baltic popules venit in contact con li scandinavos e germanos tre tardmen, dum que li popules queles vive in li hodierni Svedia, in alcun partes del land, ja in li 9 cecul havet contactos con missionaries de li hodierni Germania e Irlandia.
and:
Esque it ne es talmen que tchec, slovac e leton ha li accentu (stress) sur li unesmi silabe? Esque to ne es un possibil stadium quande un lingue sorti ex un situation con liber accentuation? Li latin anc havet in stadium un accentu sur li unesmi silabe. In mi comprension lingues con accentu sur li unesmi silabe have anc li distintion inter curt e long vocales. In leton anc ne-accentuat vocales posse esser long.

Esque ti tract in leton posse esser causat o influentiat de un finno-ugric substrat? Compara anc fi. silta e leton tilts, laiva. It sembla que yo ha leet un regul in finese u un imaginabil ti deveni si. To vel explicar pro quo un leton tilts deveni silta in fines.
Now that the blog has more traffic than before it might be interesting to see if anyone that knows both languages might stumble upon this post and offer some insight.

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