Italian Città de Cuneo has a lot of information on IALs in the early 20th century

Yesterday a Google Alert for Latino sine Flexione surprisingly sent me directly to a pdf that you can see here, an article calling LsF "a sane and ideal common language". I decided to conduct a quick search for more information there and the results for a search for latino sine flexione are here, where there is also quite a bit of good stuff. This message for example sent to Peano in Ido and about LsF says:

Exter Ido, "Latino sine flexione es la mondo-linguo quan me selektus se Ido ne existus; me preferas la principo di Ido, ma, se me judikus kom plu bona la principo di "naturaleso", LsF esus la linguo quan me propagus.

Translation: "Latino sine flexione is the world language I would select if Ido didn't exist; I prefer the principles of Ido, but if I were to judge "naturalness" as the most important principle, LsF is the language that I would promote."

See also a search for ido linguo. There seems to be quite a bit there in a number of languages on IALs, including Italian and French as well.

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Worthless slave

One of the interesting dilemmas facing an auxlang like Latino sine Flexione, The Master Language (actually quite the good language in spite of the name) and any others based on a single source is what to do with all the specialized vocabulary that comes along with it. The theory behind these languages is that instead of taking vocabulary from a number of sources it's easier (or better for PR depending on the source) to just take it from one and modify it in a certain way to make it easy to learn and use. Some other languages that could make good sources for single-source auxlangs are Occitan (kind of midway between French and Spanish/Italian), Uzbek (similar to Turkish but with a stronger Persian influence and no vowel harmony), Afrikaans (already pretty simple, and with vocabulary somewhat in between German and English), and Maltese (Arabic base with a ton of Romance influence). Plus many more.

The big advantage of these single-source auxlangs is that the dictionary comes pretty much ready-made. Just take a word from the dictionary, modify it, and then you're done. As long as you have a Latin-(insert your mother tongue here) dictionary and a knowledge of the basic grammar you're good to go.

The main disadvantages are these two:

1) Semantic range. Since you're not a native speaker of the language it's not always easy to tell which word is most appropriate in a given situation. Perhaps you'll choose a word that should mean horse but actually refers to a horse of a certain age or gender, or a word for house but the word actually refers to a certain kind of house. Take for example the English words hut, mare, automobile, and stream. You wouldn't use hut for a large house, nor mare for a male horse, automobile is too long to use all the time so car is a better choice, and stream only refers to a certain size of river. This first disadvantage isn't too hard to surmount though; all you need is a detailed enough dictionary of the source language. If the dictionary tells you not only the meaning of the word but a few hints as to usage then you're more or less home free.

2) Weird words. Well, actually this is both an advantage and a disadvantage. Let's take a look at a few words from the Latin dictionary on my desk. Servolus (servolo in LsF) - n., young or worthless slave. Trifaucis (trifauce in LsF) - a., having three throats. Pellitus (LsF - pellito) - a., covered with skins. Pluteus (LsF - pluteo) - n., movable scree of wood or wickerwork used for protection in siege warfare. You can spend hours and hours finding these words in a dictionary if you feel like it.

What could make this a disadvantage is that first of all it can be rather intimidating to a student. Imagine taking a look at a language that is supposed to be easy to learn and then taking a look at the dictionary to find that there are nouns and adjectives for items and concepts you've never even thought of referencing before. It's also a disadvantage in making dictionaries for the language. Yes, with a language like Latino sine Flexione you can technically just look up any word you want on your own but ideally an online version of already-converted words is much more efficient, and creating the dictionary can be a pain when you have to either enter each and every one of these words, or have to weed out the less than useful vocabulary which requires a good sense of judgment. Maybe three-throated isn't that useful but a movable screen might be...

Luckily there is a fairly easy solution to this. First, find a dictionary in another IAL (Novial for example) with a few thousand entries and create a dictionary from that. After this new words can be added by users whenever they need them, and each of these can be added with an example of how it was used along with the date if possible. That means that if a user decides to write about a monster with three throats he can go ahead and use trifauce; nobody is stopping him, and once it is used in a real piece of writing there is now an example of how to use it. But until the need arises, it won't be in the dictionary and thus won't be there to scare off potential new users.

With a living source language (Occitan, Uzbek, etc.) this is also important in keeping weird slang from entering the language. Slang is fine, as long as it's brought it in a controlled way as need arises (new users looking for apt expressions in what they are writing), but native speakers shouldn't come along and just expect the slang they are used to using to be understood right away.



Personally I've always wanted to see someone try making an IAL using just Occitan, as even without any modification it's already quite legible:

L’èuro es la moneda comuna dels 27 estats de l’Union Europèa (UE) — e la moneda unica de 13 estats membres pel moment — que succedís a l’ECU (European Currency Unit, o « unitat de compte europèa ») que n'èra la moneda comuna. Es la moneda comuna de facto de certans estats e territòris, coma Kosovo.

The only time Occitan isn't legible to someone who knows Interlingua or Occidental is when the odd unrecognizable word comes up (not very common), or a verb is conjugated in an unfamiliar way. We can improve on the above text as well by simplifying the grammar somewhat and removing the accents:

La euro es la moneda comun del 27 estats de la Union Europea (UE) -- e la moneda unic de 13 estats membres pel moment -- que succedis a la ECU, o "unitat de compte europea" que ne era la moneda comun. El es la moneda comun de facto de certan estats e territoris, coma Kosovo.

Not too bad, and that was just off the top of my head.

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French adverbs explained in Lingua Franca Nova

Here's part two of French grammar explained in Lingua Franca Nova. Part 1 is here, and the original page on Wikibooks is here. Since adjectives and adverbs are written in the same way in LFN, I copied Latino sine Flexione a bit and used "modo" or "mente" (plus mente is actually the origin of the -mente suffix) to explain. As Peano wrote:

Latino jam dice "vera mente", que produce I. "veramente", F. "vraiment". Ovidio: "insisto forti mente" produce I. "insisto fortemente", et F. "j'insiste fortement", IL "me insiste cum mente (voluntate) forte".

H. scribe hodie "clara concisa y elegante mente" in loco de "claramente, concisamente y elegantemente". Populo que loque I. aut F., vide in -mente, -ment, solo suffixo grammaticale. Ergo:

I. "Pietro studio diligentemente, scrive elegantemente, parla chiaramente, canta fortemente, corre velocemente" = IL "Petro stude cum mente diligente, scribe in forma elegante, loque in modo claro, canta forte, curre veloce."

-----

Averbos en franses es usada per altera ajetivos, otra averbos, e verbos e proposas. Los no es infletada; donce la forma de averbos no cambia seguente se rol en un frase.

Forma


La plu averbos en franses es creada par ajetivos. En la plu casos, on crea on averbo per ajunta la sufisa -ment (en la modo o mente de) a la forma femin unal de la ajetivo. Per esemplo, la forma femin unal de lent (lenta) es lente, donce la averbo corespondente es lentement (en modo lenta); simil, heureux → heureusement (felis → en modo felis).

Ma en alga casos la tronco de un ajetivo es cambiada per conveni a la sufisa.

• Si la ajetivo fini con i, -ment es ajuntada a la forma masin unal, e no la forma femin unal:
• • vrai → vraiment ("vera" → "en modo vera")
  • poli → poliment ("cortes" → "en modo cortes")
• Se la ajetivo fini con -ant e -ent, la averbo va fini con -amment o -emment:
  • constant → constamment ("constante" → "en modo constante")
  • récent → récemment ("resente" → "en modo resente")
• Alga ajetivos ave otra cambias:
  • précis → précisément ("esata" → "en modo esata")
  • gentil → gentiment ("amable" → "en modo amable")

Alga averbos es creada nonregulal, non usante -ment:

• bon → bien ("bon" → "en modo bon")
• mauvais → mal ("mal" → "en modo mal")
• meilleur → mieux ("plu bon" → "en un modo plu bon")
• pire → pire ("plu mal" → "en un modo plu mal")

E natural, multe averbos simple ne es creada de ajetivos:

• ainsi ("donce", "tal")

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Articles on Esperanto and Latino sine Flexione back in the day (early 20th century)

I like the curious and positive character of newspapers near the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th. Browsing them you can find some pretty interesting ideas or inventions that never eventually succeeded (note the post directly below on the "electrical corset") but weren't regarded with any cynicism at the time either, just a simple report of what it was made for and what its goals are. This shows that the prejudice against IALs / constructed languages isn't something necessarily inherent, but rather a sign of the cynicism with which "new" ideas (because the idea of an IAL isn't a new idea anymore) seem to be received now. I found two newspapers from that time mentioning Esperanto and Latino sine Flexione.

First the one mentioning Esperanto: it's the Lake County Times, from 30 July 1907.

TO CONVERSE IN ESPERANTO

Those Who Are Learning New Language Will Congregate at Jamestown.

INTEREST WIDESPREAD

Many Learning New Tongue and Geneva, Switzerland is Crazy Over It.

Norfolk, Va., July 30. -- A special dispatch from Geneva where the world's congress of Esperantists has recently been in session, says:

This whole town is Esperanto crazy. There is Esperanto food, Esperanto cigarettes and Esperanto liquor, specially made for the delectation of lovers of the new language. Plays are also performed in the new tongue and some very remarkable proposals have been made during the course of the discussion. The most astonishing of all, perhaps, is that there should be in various parts of the world "Esperantist Consuls," to give guidance and information to tourists, which plainly shows that those who have learned the language have the intention of forgetting their mother tongues. Dr. Zamenhof, the popular inventor of Esperanto, has received numerous offers of marriage.

This is remarkable in that it shows how strong is the hold that Esperanto has taken upon its devotees. Geneva is far away in Switzerland, but in the case of Esperanto it is not necessary to go away from home to learn the news.

The action of the management of the Jamestown exposition in inviting the Esperantists of the world t oassemble in convention at the great Ter-Centennial celebration, has caused widespread comment and has aroused intense enthusiasm among Esperantists both in the United States and Europe, and it is now certain that not only will there be an immense attendance of students and speakers of Esperanto but there will be installed at the exposition the first exhibit of Esperanto ever made for exposition purposes.

It will be extensive and comprehensive covering the entire history and development of the new language, and that it will astonish the educational world is certain.

The Harvard Esperanto society, through Professor Harry W. Norse, of Harvard university, has cgonsented to co-operate with the exposition management to make the Esperanto congress a success, as has also the American Esperanto association, through its secretary, J. F. Twembly, and every university and college in America teaching Esperanto as well as all societies interested in its propagation, will be united to lend assistance and participate not only in the exhibit but in the proceedings of the congress.

As the next world's Esperanto congress will be held in England, either at Cambridge or in London, the gathering at the Jamestown exposition will be distinctly American, but as it will probably be held before the world's congress, it is likely many foreign Esperantists of note will attend.

The Esperantists will have at least two official days at the exposition and one of them will be widely advertised as Esperanto day, and a special program, including a naval demonstration and military review, will signalize the introduction of Esperanto to the world at large. On that great day everything will be Esperanto. Officials of the exposition will welcome their guists in the new international tongue andf a local bureau of information will be maintained for the benefit of foreigners.

As to the exhibit: It will include charts, text books, dictionaries, translations of Shakespeare, Homer, Dante, Mollere, Dickens, Wagner's operas, etc., and it is not unlikely that a drama will be produced in Esperanto.

The universities having professors either actually teaching or actively at work on Esperanto are Harvard, Princeton, Ohio, Nebraska, California, Minnesota, Virginia Polytechnic institute besides many colleges. There are twenty publications in the world devoted to it, one exclusively to medicine and another to science.

This little verse, by Christina Rossetti, in English and Esperanto, may give the reader an idea of what the new language is like.

THE WIND

Who has seen the wind?
Neither you nor I;
But when the leafy curtain trembles,
The wind passes by.

LA VENTO.

Kiel estas vidinta la venton?
Nek mi, nek vi;
Sed kiam la folioj pendas trementa,
La vento trepasas.

Kiel estas vidinta la venton?
Nek mi, nek vi;
Sed kiam la arboj salutas iliajn kapojn
La vento trespasas.

L'Amerika Esperantosto, the first journal devoted to Esperanto to be issued in America, is being published in Oklahoma City.

Now go back three years to 5 October 1904, and we find a mention of Latino sine Flexione in the Republican-News, from Hamilton, Ohio. It goes as follows:

SCIENTIFIC SPECIALS.

Sir Norman Lockyer has been elected president of a new society for the popularizing of science called the British Science Guild.

The botanical papers report that De Vries, the great Dutch experimental evolutionist, has by long continued selection produced a variety of clover which has normally four leaves.

Soapstone is now fused by the oxyhydrogen flame into a clear glass. This can be drawn into very fine fibers, which have all the advantages of the quartz fibers used for delicate suspensions, and is likely to prove otherwise serviceable.

Scientific attention is being directed to the universal language proposed by Prof. Peano. This is Latin witohut inflexions, tenses and moods, as well as genders, persons, cases and numbers, being abolished. It should be easily introduced on account of the general study of Latin.

A five horse power motor is given by a member of the Manchester Association of Engineers....

and so on as it continues through the scientific news of the day.

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100 Exemplo de Interlingua (latino sine flexione) by Giuseppe Peano: part 13

Done! I've typed out the whole book (except for the index of words near the end that was just a huge list of numbers) and now it just needs to be formatted and checked for typos. I'm still not sure whether I can use it to create a new work to introduce LsF to modern readers, as there's actually not that much useful content in that area and perhaps only Primo Libro would work there. 100 Exemplo de Interlingua has a lot about Volapük which isn't really all that relevant anymore.

The other parts: see part 12 here, part 11 here, 10 here, 9 here, 8 here, 7 here, 6 here, 5 here, 4 here, 3 here, 2 here, and part 1 here.

REGULAMENTO

1. Academia es libero ad omni opinione.
2. Omni homo, que solve Fr. 10 aut plus per anno, es socio de Academia.
3. Omni socio pote publica gratis uno pagina in periodicos de Academia, et plure ad pretio de Fr. 10 per pagina.
Si auctore adopta signos non existente in alphabeto latino-anglo, debe adde pretio de illos.
4. Omni socio pote adopta forma de interlingua, que illo praefer.
Auctore, que non seque deliberationes de Academia, es precato de adde rationes.
5. Directore supprime scripto contra leges et personas.
6. Toto activo de societate es expenso in publicationes.
In fine de anno, thesaurio redde computo de pecunia ad socios.



DIRECTIONE DE ACADEMIA PRO INTERLINGUA

in functione post 17-1-1913.

Praesidente: Prof. G. PEANO, Cavoretto-Torino.
Directore: Prof. G. PAGLIERO, Via S. Francesco 44, Torino.
Vicedirectore: Prof. J. MEYSMANS, Woluwe St. Pierre, Bruxelles.

Consilio directivo.

BERNHAUPT JOSEPH, socio emerito de Academia, Beirouth (Syria)
BOGGIO TOMMASO, Dr. Prof. in Universitate, Torino.
BORIO DR. AGOSTINO, Prof. in Lyceo, Aosta.
COMMON THOMAS, Corstorphine (Scotland)
DEL RE DR. ALFONSO, Prof. in Universitate, Napoli.
DICKSTEIN S., Dr. Prof. in Universitate, Varsovie.
GERBALDI FRANCESCO, Dr. Prof. in Universitate, Pavia.
HARTL ALIOS, Dr. Prof., Linz (Austria).
JOURDAIN Dr. Prof. PHILIP, M. A. de Universitate de Cambridge.
KORSELT ALVIN, Dr. Prof., Planen in Vogtland (Germania).
LEVI-CIVITA TULLIO, Dr. Prof. in Universitate, Padova.
MACFARLANE ALEXANDER, Dr., Prof. in Universitate, Chatam (Ontario, Canada).
MANSION PAUL, Prof. in Universitate, Gand.
SHEARMAN A. T., Dr. in philosophia, London.
TANTURRI ALBERTO, Dr. Prof. in Lyceo, Carmagnola.


SOCIOS EMERITO, cum 25 anno de associatione.

ACTIS prof. A., Bologna.
BERNHAPUT J., Beirouth (Syria).



INDICE

Ad lectore -- pag. 2
Historia de Interlingua -- pag. 3
Deliberationes de Academia -- pag. 4
Explicationes ad lectore que cognosce latino -- pag. 6
Phonetica de latino -- pag. 7
Vocabulario latino explicato ad publico -- pag. 8
Grammatica -- pag. 13
Vocabulario internationale -- pag. 19
100 exemplo de Interlingua -- pag. 23
Statuto de Academia -- pag. 37
Directione de Academia -- pag. 39



Ad omni socio de Academia, es misso gratis:

DISCUSSIONES de "Academia pro INterlingua"

G. PEANO, Vocabulario commune ad linguas de Europa. Torino, Fratres Bocca editores, 1909, Fr. 5 (Dono de Auctore)

ROMANAL, Metode de international lingue. Fr. 1 A.M. Boningue editor, Boulogne-sur-mer. (Dono de Auctore)

A. HARTL, Auf zur Spracheinhelt oder Lehrbuch der Perfectsprache. Linz a. D., Zentraldruckerei, 1909, K. 1.80. (Dono de Auctore)

V. HÉly, El interpres international. (Dono de Auctore).

SIMPLO, International Lingo, pag. XXXII+140, a. 1911. (Dono de Auctore)

G. PEANO, 100 exemplo de Interlingua. Editione II, 1913 (Dono de Auctore).

J.B. PINTH, Die Internationale Hilfssprache Interlingua, Luxemburg 1911.

GRAMMATICA DE LATINO INTERNATIONALE "INTERLINGUA", Revista Universale, Ventimiglia.

SEMILATIN (35 pag. scripto in Deutsch). Qui opta libello, es precato scribe ad auctore P. Wilfried Möser, Rosenau a S. (Austria)

MICHAEX, Étude des projets soumis à l' "Academia pro Interlingua", Boulogne mus mer, 1912. (Dono de Auctore).

OMNEZ, Da Sidni Bond, anno 1912. (Dono de Auctore).

EUROPAL (Europäisch), Kurze Grammatik von J. Weisbart, anno 1912. (Dono de Auctore).

Grammatik der INTERLINGUA (Semilatino), von J. B. Pinth, Luxemburg, 1912. (Dono de Auctore).

Universala Unuigo, Volum. I, 1913, pag. 86. Socio que desidera isto publicatione, debe mitte respondcoupon internationale (Fr. 0,25) ad directore N. A. Sejerman, Lubotin, Kharkov gub. (Russia).

World-Speech, Marletta, Ohio, U.S. America.

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Aesop's Fables in English and Latin, Interlinear: part 4

Here's the fourth part of Aesop's Fables in Latin with English written above from 1703, and available here. This interlineary method is so simple and effective that I think I'm going to use it for an IAL as well.

Of the Dog and the Ass
De   Cane   &   Asino

Whilst the Dog faun'd on the Master and
Dum     Canis blandirétur   hero     &

the Family, the Master and the Family stroak
familie,    herus     &    familia demulcent

the Dog. The Ass seeing this fetches a deep sigh:
Canem.   Aséllus videns hoc       gemit altius:

he began to be displeased with his own Condition:
    coepit eum pigére                 sortis:

He thinks that it is unjustly order'd, that
Putat               iníque comparátum,

the Dog should be pleasing to all, and should be fed
Canem     gratum  esse     conctis,     pascíque

from his Master's Table, and that he should get
     heríli mensá,      &       consequi

this by Idleness and by Play; that he himself, on
hoc    otio        ludóque;         sese,

the contrary, carried the Dorsers, was beaten
contra      portáre   clitéllas,   cedi

by the Whip, was  never    idle; and yet was
flagéllo,  esse nunquam otiosúm; & tamen

hated    by all. If these things come by fauning,
odiósum cunctis. Si    haec      fiant   blanditiis,

he resolved to follow that Art which  is  so
statuit     sectári  eam  artem que fit* tam

advantageous. Therefore, on a certain time
 utilis.    Igitur,     quodam     tempore,

to try   the thing, he runs   to meet his Master
tentatúrus rem,     procúrrit obviam       hero

returning home; leaps upon him, strikes him
redeúnti domum; subsilit,        pulsat

with his hoofs. The Master crying out, the Servants
 unguibus.      Hero      exclamánte,   Servi

run to him; and the silly Ass,    who thought
accurrére;  &  inéptus  Aséllus, qui credidit

himself to have been Courtly, is beaten.
 se     fuisse     urbánum,  vapulat.


MORAL.

We all cannot do all things: nor do all things
Omnes non possumus omnía:   nec      omnia

become all Men. Let every one do, let
decent  omnes.      Quisque  velit,

every one go about that which he is able.
quisque    tentit   id   quod  possit.



Of the Lion and the Mouse.
De   Leóne   &    Mure.


The Lion tired with heat and running,
Leo  fatigátus aestu    &  cursu,

was at rest under the shade, upon the green Grass.
quiscébat    sub umbrá,     super  viridi  gramine.

A troop of Mice running over his Back, he wakening,
Grege    Murum  percurrénte ejus tergum, experiéctus,

catches       one of them. The Captive
comprehéndit unum ex iis.    Captívus

begs      and cries, that he is unworthy with
supplicat & clamitat, esse      indígnum

whom the Lion should be angry. The Lion, judging
cui    Leo      irascátur.       Leo,   reputans

that there would be nothing of Credit in
       esse       níhil    laudis   in

the Death of such a little Beast, dismisses the
nece       tantílla*   bestiolae, demíttit

Prisoner. Not long after, the Lion, whilst he
captívum. Non diu  postea,  Leo,     dum

runs trough the Forest, falls into the Toils; he
currit  per saltum,    indicit in    plagas;

might roar, get out he could not. The Mouse
licet rugíre, exíre  non licet.     Mus

hears the Lion miserably   roaring, he knows his
audit Leónem miserabiliter rugiéntem, agnóscit

Voice, he creeps into the Holes, seeks the Knots
vocem,  repit     in  cuniculos, quaerit nodos

of the Cords; finds what he sought, and
laqueórum;   invenit   quaesítos,   &

being found, gnaws them asunder. The Lion
invéntos,     corródit.          Leo

scapes out of the Toils.
evádit   e      plagis.


MORAL.

This Fable recommends Clemency to Men in Power.
Haec fabula  suadet   clementiam    potentibus.

For    so unstable    are humane Affairs,
Etenim ut instabiles sunt humánae res,

Potentates themselves need sometimes the help
poténtes     ipsi     egente intérdum  ope

of the lowest. Wherefore a prudent Man, though
humiliórum.*    Quare     prudens  vir,   etsi

be can, will fear to hurt even a mean Man;
potest,  timébit   nocére  vel   vili homini;

but he who fears not to hurt another is very
verum qui  non timet nocére  alteri   valde

foolish. Why so? Because, although relying on
desipit. Quid ita? Quia,    etsi    fretus

his Power, he fears no body; perhaps hereafter
 potentia, metuit neminem; forsan,   olim

it will happen, that he may fear. For it is
    erit,       ut   metuat.      Nam

evident that it has happen'd to great and famous
constat       evenísse       magnis   clarísque

Kings, that either they have stood in need of the
Regibus, ut   vel     indiguerint

Favour of mean   Men,        or have fear'd
gratia vilium homuniciórum, vel  metuerit*

their Anger.
    iram.



Of the sick Kite.
De aegróto  Milvo.


The Kite lay        a bed now almost dying.
Milvus decunibébat lecto jam ferme moriens.

Intreats her Dam to go pray   the Gods.
Orat       matrem ire precátum Deos.

Her Mother answers, that there was no help
  Mater  respóndet,    nihil opis

to be hop'd for by her from the Gods, whose Holy
sperándum        illi    a   Diis,   quorum sacra

things and Altars he had violated so often by his
      &    aras   violásset      toties   suis

Rapines.
rapínis.


MORAL.

It is fit to worship the Gods;   for they assist
Decet    venerári  Superos; etenim illi juvant

the Godly, and oppose    the Wickedy. Being slighted
pios,     & adversántur  impios.       Neglecti

in Prosperity, they give no ear in Adversity.
in felicitáte,  non exaudiunt   in miseriá.

Wherefore be mindful of them in Prosperity,
Quare     sis memor   eorum  in fecúndus rebus,

that being call'd on in Adversity,   they may be
ut      vocátis     in adversis rebus  sint

ready at hand.
 praeséntes.



Of the Swallow and other Birds.
De  Hirundine   &  aliis Aviculis.


As soon as  Line was begun  to be sown,
Quam primum linum coeptum est seri,

the Swallow persuades the Birds to hinder the
Hirúndo    suadet    aviculis  impedíre

sowing, suggesting that there was a Design
seméntum, dictitans     fieri     insidias

against them. They laugh at her, call the Swallow
  sibi.    Illae irrídent,    vocant  Hirundinem

a silly Prophet. The Line growing up, and
stultum vatem.   Lino   surgénte,    &

green, she advices them again to pull up the Crop.
virescénte   monet      rersum evellere    sata.

Again they laugh at her. The Line grows ripe,
Iterum  irrídent.         Linum   maturéscit,

she exhorts them to destroy it as it stands. When
hortátur       populári     segeltem.*     Cum

they would not even then, hearken to her
  ne tunc quidem,       audírent

advising them, the Swallow leaving the Company
consuléntem,    Hirúndo    relícto    coetu

of the Birds, obtains to her self the Friendship
avium,     conciliat   sibi     amicitiam

of Man; enters into a League with him,
hominis;    init      foedus  cum  eo,

they live together, she entertains him with singing.
  cohabitátur,     demúlcet             cantu.

Out of the Flax Nets and Snares are made
E      lino   retia et laquei  fíunt

for the other Birds.
caeteris    avibus.



MORAL.

Many neither know to counsel themselves, nor
Multi  nec  norunt  consulere  sibi,     nec

do they hearken to one who advises them right.
 audiunt           consuléntem      recte.

But when they are in Danger and Adversity, then
Sed  com    sunt  in periculis & damnis,   tunc

at last they begin to be wise, and to condemn their
demum   incipiunt  sapere,      &  damnáre    suam

Sottishness. Then there is enough and more than
soecardiam.  Tunc    est    satis   supérque

enough of Counsel: They say this and that ought
       consilii: Inquiunt  hoc & illud oportuit

to have been done. But it's better to be Prometheus,
  factum.        Sed  praestat   esse  Prometheum,

than Epimetheus. These were Brothers,
quam Epimetheum.  Hi   fuére fratres,

their Names are Greek. To the one there was
nomina   sunt Graeca.  Alteri      erat

Counsel before, to the other after the thing
concilium ante,    alteri    post    rem:

[was done]: which the Interpretation of
          quod      interpretatio

their Names declares.
nominum     declárat.

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100 Exemplo de Interlingua (latino sine flexione) by Giuseppe Peano: part 12

Here's part 12; I'll be done the book tomorrow. I didn't include the index of words however since not only is typing up number after number dreadfully boring, but there's no need for an index when the document has been typed up and can be searched much more effectively through other ways. See part 11 here, 10 here, 9 here, 8 here, 7 here, 6 here, 5 here, 4 here, 3 here, 2 here, and part 1 here.

86. Omni terra es patria ad forte.
Ovidio: "Omne solum forti patria est".

terra| terra | terre | territory | Land; terr(estrisch)



87. Quatuor oculo vide plus que due.



88. Qui ama periculo, peri in illo.
Ecclesiaste: "Qui amat periculum peribit in illo".

peri eo | perire | pèrir | perish | pereat!



89. Multo re, que jam cade, nasce de novo.
Horatio: "Multa renascentur quae jam cecidere".

multo us | molto | beaucoup; mult(iple) | much; multitude | viel; multiform
jam | già | déjà | once | schon
cade o | cade | choir | fall; decay | fallen; Kadenz
novo us | nuovo | neuf | new | neu



90. Ad homo pure, omni re es puro.
L. "puris omnia pura". L. "omnia munda mundis".
S. Paulo: **********
D. "den reinen ist alles rein".
A. "to the pure, all things are pure".

puro us | puro | pur | pure | rein; pur



91. Lege es pro ne justo, ne es pro justo.

L. "lex justo non est posita, sed injustis".

justo us | giusto | juste | just | Justiz



92. Es melius de recipe, que de fac injuria.
Cic. : "Accipere quam facere praestat injuriam".

melius | meglio | mieux | better; melior(ate) | besser; meliorieren
injuria | ingiuria | injure | injury | Injurie



93. Qui vol ede nucleo ex nuce, debe frange nuce.
Plauto: "Qui e nuce nucleum esse vult, frangat nucem".

nucleo us | nucleo | nuclé(é) | nucleus | nucleus
nuce nux | noce | noix | nut | nuss



94. Omni homo fac fortuna ad se.
Sallustio: "faber est suae quisque fortunae".



95. Morte, cum pede aequo, pulsa domo de paupere et de rege.
Horatio: "Pallida mors aequo pulsat pede pauperum tabernas Regumque turres".

aequo us | eguale, equo | égal, égation | equal | gleich, Aequator
domo us | casa | maison | house | Haus | R. dom. >
domicilio um | domicilio | domicile | domicile | Domizil
paupere er | povero | povre | poor | Pauperismus
rege rex | re, regio | roi, régicide | rich, regal | reich, regal



96. Calendario Romani divide anno in decem et duo mense. Anno commune habe tres centum sex decem quinque die. Die habe duo decem quatuor hora; hora sex decem minuta; minuta sex decem secunda.

calendario um | calendario | calendrier | calendar | Kalender
decem | dieci | dix | ten, decem(ber) | zehn, decim(al)
mense is | mese, mens(ile) | mois, mens(uel) | month, mens(truous) | Monat
tres| tre | trois | three | drei
centum| cento | cent | hund(red), cent(esimal) | zehn, (pro)zent
sex | sei | six | six | sechs
quinque | cinque, quinto | cinq, quinte | five, quint | fünf, Quint(essenz)
hora | ora | heur | hour | Uhr
minuta (parte, Lat. novo) | minuto | minute | minute | Minute
secunda (L. novo) | secondo | seconde | second | Secunde



97. Omni re, nunc vetere, jam es novo; et quod nos hodie proba per exemplo, es exemplo futuro.
Tacito: "Omnia, quae nunc vetustissima credentur, nova fuere, et quod hodie exemplis tuemur, inter exempla erit".

nunc | ora | maintenant | now | nun
vetere vetus | vecchio | vieux | veter(an) | Veter(an)
per | per | par | by, for | durch, ver-
futuro us | futuro | future | future | Futurum



98. Utopia de hodie fi veritate de cras.

utopia (Thomas Morus 1516) | utopia | utopie | utopia | Utopie
veritate tas | verità | vérité | verity | Wahrheit, Verität



99. Me mitte Fr. 10, pro associatione ad Academia pro interlingua. (Praemio de Academia, Disc. 1910 pag. 49).

mitte o | manda, mitte(nte) | envoyer, (é)mettre | send, (trans)mit | emittiere
associatione (L. novo) | associatione | association | association | association
Academia | academia | académie | academy | Akademie
inter | inter(mediario) | intermediaire | intermediary | intermediär



100. Academia cura progressu de Interlingua, in theoria, et in practica.
Articulo 1 de Statuto, Disc. 1911 pag. 43.

cura o | curare | curer | cure | kurieren
progressu us | progresso | progrés | progress | Progress
theoria| teoria | théorie | theory | Theorie
practica (L. tardo ex G.) | pratica | pratique | practice | Praktik




....




Vocabulario conjuncto ad "100 exemplo" contine 250 vocabulo, et da idea de vocabulario internationale.

"rosa (in exemplo N. 9), moneta 10, corona 26, calendario 96, natura 19, progressu 100, proba 23, regula 23", es vocabulos I. F. A. D. derivato ex L.

"leone 8, poeta 14, propheta 49, schola 55" es I. F. A. D. ex L. ex G.

"uno 53, duo 53, tres 96, ... decem 96, centum 96, oculo 3, dente 3, aure 53, lingua 53, pede 54, cornu 54, corde 57, me 34, te 61, se 41, ne 38, es 8, vol 27, habe 38, frange 75, in 31, pro 55, nocte 22, lupo 9, medio 35, novo 89" es voces Indo-Europaeo, que trans latino perveni ad I. et F., et trans germanico ad A. et D., et es documento vivente de prae-lingua.

"dubio 31, animale 41, vince 42, vitio 43" es L. vivo in I. F. A., et habe derivatos vivente in D.

"homo 4, deo 4, sol 1, anno 13, die 77, manu 16" es L. vivo in I. F., et in numeroso derivato A. D.

"ede 3, ab 57, quod 50, nunc 97, verbo 5" vive in A. D., et habe solo derivatos in I. et in F.

"disce 29, i 51, cras 81" es mortuo ut vocabulos dinjuncto, sed vive in derivatos internationale.

In fine, 3 vocabulos "ut dum nemo" es latino mortuo.

Ex 250 vocabulo de "100 exemplo", 246 es I., 246 F., 245 A., 243 D., aut in modo directo, aut trans Indo-Europaeo, aut in compositione.




STATUTO DE ACADEMIA

1. Academia cura progressu de Interlingua, in theoria et in practica.
2. Omni homo, que solve Fr. 10 aut plus per anno, es socio de Academia.
3. Novo socio habe jure de voto, tres mense post inscriptione.
4. Omni socio de Academia, post 25 anno de associatione, es proclamato socio emerito, et non es obligato ad contributione pecuniario.
5. Contributione de socio debe es misso, in generale, ante 15 januario. Socio, que post 65 die non mitte ad thesaurario contributione annuo, aut non justifica se, es dimissionario. Dimissiones de socios es accepto, sine discussione.
6. Directione de Academia consta de a) praesidente b) directore c) tres vicedirectore.
7. Directione administra Academia.
8. Socios nomina membros de directione, per duo anno, et pote confirma illos uno solo vice in idem officio.
9. Majoritate absoluto de votantes resolve.
10. Praesidente repraesenta societate. Illo debe pone in votatione omni propositione, que sex socio subscribe.
11. Socios nomina 15 membro de consilio directivo.
12. Consilio directivo judica de divergentias inter directione et socios.
13. Praesidente mitte scheda de votatione ad omni socio, que vota per membros de directione, et de consilio directivo, et retromitte scheda clauso. Post 30 die, Praesidente, praesente omni socio que vol interveni, aperi schedas, et proclama resultatu de votatione.
14. Membros de consilio directivo mane in functione duo anno, et pote es reelecto.
15. Consilio directivo pote nomina, per cooptatione, plure nove membro, sine limite de numero.
16. Majoritate de 3/4 de votantes pote modifica Statuto.

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100 Exemplo de Interlingua (latino sine flexione) by Giuseppe Peano: part 11

Here's part 11. The examples should be done tomorrow and then only another day or two to finish the book. See part 10 here, 9 here, 8 here, 7 here, 6 here, 5 here, 4 here, 3 here, 2 here, and part 1 here.

61. Me da ut te da. L. "do ut des".

da do | dare | donner; datif | give; date | geben; Datum | R. datï
ut | affinchè, come | afin que, comme | that, as | damit, wie
te tu | te ti tu | te toi tu | thou thee | du dein


62. Nemo debe quod ne pote. L. "ad impossibile nemo tenetur".

debe eo | deve | dévoir | owe; debt | sollen; Debitor



63. Vir que promitte, obliga se. L. "promissio boni viri est obligatio".

vir, abl. viro. = homo. > virile | -ile | -il | -ile | -il
promitte o | promette | promettre | promise | promittieren
obliga o | obbliga | obliger | oblige | obliga(tion)



64. Lingua pulsa ubi dente dole. I. "la lingua batte dove il dente duole".

pulsa o | pulsa | pousser | push | slossen; Puls
dole eo | duole | douloir | suffer; dolor | schmerzen; (Kon)dol(ieren)



65. Homo ad homo es deo. ********
ad | a, ad | à | at, to | zu, ad(junkt).



66. Homo ad homo es lupo. Plauto: "homo homini lupus".


67. Quem deo ama, more juvene.
Menandro: ****
Plauto: "Quem di diligunt, adolescens moritur".
Leopardi: "Muor giovane colui che al cielo é caro".

quem, accusativo L. de que = "illo que", A. whom, D. wen. Pag. 10.
juvene is | giovane | jeune | young | jung



68. Qui bene late, bene vive.
Ovidio: "Bene qui latuit bene vixit".

late eo | è nascosto | est caché | lie hid | verborgen ist. >
latente ns | latente | latent | latent | latent



69. Qui recipe beneficio vende libertate.
Laberio: "Beneficium accipere libertatem vendere est".

recipe ie | riceve | recevoir | recieve | recipieren
beneficio um | beneficio | bénéfice | benefice | Benefiz
vende o | vende | vendre | sell; vend(or) | verkaufen; Vend(ition)
libertate tas | libertà | liberté | liberty | Libertas



70. Fato duc qui vol, trahe qui ne vol.
Seneca ex Cleanthe: "Ducunt volentem fata, nolentem trahunt".

fato um | fato | destin, fatum | fate | Fatum
duc duco | conduce | conduire | conduct | ziehen; Deduktion



71. Ride bene qui ride ultimo.
F. "rira bien qui rira le dernier".
I. "ride bene che ride l'ultimo".
A. "he laughs well who laughs last".

ride eo | ride | rire | laugh; rid(iculous) | lachen; (de)ridieren
ultimo us | ultimo | dernier; (pén)ultième | last, ultimate | letzte; Ultimatum



72. Voce de populo, voce de deo. L. "vox populi vox dei".
I. "voce di popolo, voce di Dio". : F. "la voix du peuple est la voix de Dieu" : Di. "des Volkes Stimme ist Gottes Stimme".

voce vox | voce | voix | voice | Vok(al)
de | de | de | of | von. > de-ductione de-finitione
populo us | popolo | peuple | people | Pöbel; popul(ar)



73. Te pote frange, non flecte, me. L. "frangar non flectar", "frangas non flectes".

frange o | (in)frange | casse; frac(ture) | break | brechen. >
fragile | -ile | -ile | -ile | -il
flecte o, (in)flecte | inflette, piega | infléchir | inflex | inflectieren



74. Medico es periculo plus que morbo. L. "Plus e medico quam e morbo periculi".

medico us | medico | médecin | mediciner | Mediziner
plus | più | plus | more, plus | mehr, plus
morbo us | morbosità | morbus | morbosity | Morbosität



75. Qui designa uno, exclude alio. L. "designatio unius est exclusio alterius".

designa o | designa | désigner | design | designieren
exclude o | esclude | exclure | exclude | excludieren
alio us, altere | altro; alieno | autre; alibi | other, else | andrer, Alienation



76. Quem plure time, debe time plure. L. "Necesse est ut multos timeat quem multi timent".

plure plus | più | plusiers | several; plur(al) | wehrere; Plural
time eo, es timido | teme | timide | timid | timid



77. Dic ad me cum qui te i, et me dic qui te es.
I. "Dimmi con chi vai, ed io dirò chi sei".

dic co | dice | dire | tell; diction | sagen; zeigen, Diktat



78. Nos ne debe disputa de gustu. L. "De gustibus non est disputandum".

disputa o | disputare | disputer | dispute | disputieren
gustu us | gusto | goût | gust | Geschmack; kosten, degustieren



79. Qui ama me, ama et cane de me.
S. Bernardo: "Qui me amat, amat et canem meum".



80. Morte pro patria es dulce.
Horatio: "Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori".

morte mors | morte | mort | death; mort(al) | Tod; Morder Mort(alität)
dulce is | dolce | doux | sweet; dulcification | suss, edulcorieren*



81. Hodie ad me, cras ad te. L. "hodie mihi, cras tibi".

hodie | oggi | aujour d'hui | to-day; hodiernal | heute.
cras | domani | demain | to morrow | morgen >
(pro)cras(tina) | -are | -er | -ate | -ieren



82. Nos ne cupe quod ne gno. Ovid.: "ignoti nulla cupido".

cupe io | è cupido | désire, cupide | wish, cupid | begehren, Koncupiscenz
gno, thema de L. nosce, cognosce | conosce | connaître | know, nognise | kennen, kognoscieren | G. diagnosi



83. Mente sano in corpore sano. Juvenale: "mens sana in corpore sano".

mente mens | mente | mentatité | mind | Geist, ment(al)
sano us | sano | sain | sane | gesund, San(ität)
corpore corpus | corpo | corps | body, corps | Körper. >
corporale is | -ale | -el | -al | -al



84. Quem nullo lege, ne scribe.
Martiale: Non scribit, cuius carmina nemo legit.

lege o | leggere | lire | read; legible | lesen; Legende
scribe o | scrive | écrire | write; (de)scribe | schreiben



85. Homo ama qui obseque, ode qui dic vero.
Terentio: "Obsequium amicos, veritas odium parit".

obseque or | ossequia | est obséquieux | is obsequent | obsequieren
ode, th. de odi | odia | haïr, odieux | hate: odious | hassen; Odiosität
vero us | vero | vrai | true; verity | wahr

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100 Exemplo de Interlingua (latino sine flexione) by Giuseppe Peano: part 10

Here's part ten. Two more parts should finish the hundred examples and then there's just the bit at the end. See part 9 here, 8 here, 7 here, 6 here, 5 here, 4 here, 3 here, 2 here, and part 1 here.

41. Omni animale ama se. Cic. "omne animal seipsum diligit".

animale al | animale | animal | animal | Animal(ismus)
ama o | ama | aimer | love; ama(tory) | lieben; Amor
se sei | sè | se | self | sich, sein


42. Labore vince omni re. Verg. "labor omnia vincit"

labore or | lavoro | travail, labour | labour | Arbeit; Laboratorium
vince o | vince | vaincre | vanquish | siegen; Vic(toria) (con)vincieren


43. Otio gene omni vitio. L. "otium omnia vitia parit".

otio um | ozio | oisiveté | otiosity | Musse, otiös
vitio um | vizio | vice | vice | vitio(s)


44. Ubi bene, ibi patrio. = L.

ubi | ove | où | where; ubi(cation) | wo; Ubi(quität)
bene | bene | bien | well; benediction | gut; Benefiz
ibi | ivi | là, ibidem | there, ibidem | da, ib.
patria | patria | patrie | patri(ot) | Patri(ot)


45. Qui invide, es caeco. Livio: "caeca invidia est".

invide eo | invidiare | envier | envy | invidieren
caeco us | cieco | aveugle; cécité | blind, cecity | blind, coecität



46. Commune periculo gene concordia = L. "commune periculum concordiam gignit".

commune is | comune | commun | common | gemeinsam; Kommunität
periculo um | pericolo | péril | peril | Gefahr; periculö(s)
concordia | concordia | concorde | concord | Eintracht; Konkordanz


47. Homo forte es elemente. L. "inest elementia forti".

elemente ns | elemente | elément | element | mild; Clemenz


48. Homo prudente muta consilio. = L. "prudentis est mutare consilium".

prudente ns | prudente | prudent | prudent | prudent



49. Nemo propheta in patria. = L. ex Evangelio.

nemo = nullo homo.
propheta | profeta | prophéte | prophet | Prophet



50. Homo crede quod spera. L. "quod quisque sperat, credit".

crede o | crede | croire | believe, creed | glauben, Kredit
quod | ciò che | ce que | what | was. = re que.
spera o | spera | espérer | hope; (pro)sper | hoffen; (De)spera(tion)



51. Fama cresce dum i. L. "fama crescit eundo".

fama| fama | renommée, fàme | fame | Ruf; famos
dum | mente (dum interim) | pendant que | while | bis
i eo | va, ire | va, ira | go, exit | gehen, transit


52. Me fuge quod seque, me seque quod fuge. Ovid. "quod sequitur fugio, quod fugit usque sequor".



53. Nos habe uno lingua, et duo aure.

uno us | uno | un | one | ein
lingua | lingua | langue | tongue; lingua(l) | Zunge; lingu(ist)
duo | due | deux | two | zwei
aure is, auri(cula) | orecchia | oreille | ear | Ohr
auriculare is | -are | -aire | -ar | -ar



54. Bove habe duo cornu, et quatuor pede.

bove bos | bue, bove | boeuf | ox, beef | Ochs, bukolisch
cornu u | corno | corne | horn | Horn. >
cornu-copia | -copia | -copie | -copia | -copia
quatuor | quattro | quatre | four: quadra(nnt) | vier: Quart(ett)
pede pes | piede | pied | foot; ped(al) | Fuss; Ped(ale). | G. pod(agra)



55. Nos disce pro vita, ne pro schola.
Seneca: "non scholae sed vitae discimus".

pro | per, prò | pour | for | vor, für. >
procuratore | -tore | -teur | -tor | -tor
schola | scuola | école | school | Schule



56. Cane que latra ne morde. I. "Cane che latra non morde"

cane is | cane | chien | dog; canine | Hund
que, thema de L. quem | che | que qui | which | welcher. Vide pag. 10.
latra o | latra | aboyer | latrate | bellen
morde eo | morde | mordre | bite; morde(nt) | beissen; Mord(azität)



57. Ab oculo, ab corde. I. "lontan dagli occhi, lontan dal cuore".
A. "out of sight, out of mind", F. "loin des yeux, loin du coeur".

ab | da, lontano; ab(erra) | de, loin; ab(sent) | from, of; ab(ductor) | ab
corde cor | cuore | coeur | heart | Herz. >
cord-iale | -iale | -ial | -ial | -ial



58. Magno libro, magno malo. Callimacho: *******

magno us | grande | grand | great | gross. >
magnificentia | -enza | -ence | -ence | -ence | -enz
libro er | libro | livre | book; libr(ary) | Buch; Libr(etto) Libell
malo us | male | mal | evil; mal(ice) | Uebel; Male(diktion)



59. Qui tege vitio, ale illo. L. "aliter vitium tegendo".

tege o | cela; (pro)tegge | (pro)téger | (pro)tec(t) | decken
ale o | al(imenta) | alimenter | aliment | alimentieren; alt
illo ille | egli, quello, il, lo | il, he | he | jener



60. Nos ede pro vive, ne vive pro ede.
L. "Edimus ut vivamus, non vivimus et edamus"
A. "We eat to live, not live to eat"
F. "Il faut manger pour vivre, et non pas vivre pour manger".

vive o | vive | vivre | live; viv(id) | leben; Vivi(sektion)

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How an Italian mathematician took the complex Latin language and turned it into a simple one useful for international and scientific communication

Giuseppe Peano (27 August 1858 – 20 April 1932), the Italian mathematician from the University of Turin and the creator of the language Latino sine Flexione.

1903 was an important year for international auxiliary languages, as this was the year when the Italian mathematician Giuseppe Peano first published the language now known as Latino sine flexione (I'll sometimes abbreviate it as LsF), a simplified form of Latin that kept the vocabulary mostly as is, and simplified the grammar to the extent that it could be learned in almost no time at all. You can find information on the language here and there on the internet (including Wikipedia) but I'd like to introduce the basics of how it works in a single post here.


First of all, Latino sine flexione takes existing Latin words and places them in a grammar not unlike English that makes use of prepositions and postpositions as opposed to modifying words themselves. But before we get into that, let's start with nouns. Nouns are changed in Latino sine flexione from the nominative (the form you see in the dictionary) to the ablative, which more closely resembles international forms people are familiar with. Some examples:

vox (voice) becomes voce
rex (king) becomes rege (think regal)
liber (book) becomes libro (think library)
legio (legion) becomes legione
crimis (crime) becomes crimine
consolatio (consolation) becomes consolatione

and so on. And to these we add an -s to make the plural, as in English and a great many other languages. Note however that the plural is also not needed when a number or some other term has already made it clear, so you would say octo rege for eight kings as opposed to octo reges, but to say kings alone you would say reges. This resembles non-Indo-European languages such as Chinese, Japanese and the like, but you can find it in Indo-European languages as well, such as Persian/Farsi where you don't need a plural marker if a number has already made it clear that you have more than one: chahâr nafar (چهار نفر) = four people (lit. four person). Even English has this from time to time, such as one sheep/two, three... sheep.

Nouns that don't have an ablative form are kept the same, of course.


Now getting back to replacing cases with prepositions and postpositions, take the following term:

dux bellorum

which means "war leader", or more literally "leader of wars". The word dux means leader, and we take the ablative which is duce. Now we have:

duce bellorum

bellorum is the plural genitive (English "of") of the word bellum (war), meaning "of wars". The preposition used in LsF for of is "de", and then we change bellum to the ablative bello, add the -s for plural, and now we have:

duce de bellos

or "leader of wars", a war leader.

Now of course nobody can promote a language by simply telling people to pick up a Latin dictionary and find the ablative of every single noun, which is why the language had a number of dictionaries published that had LsF vocabulary already made out so that people wouldn't have to go through all that. At the moment there's not much online, but I have been working on a lexicon here, based originally on the words found here.

Now on some more of the mechanics of the language:

• Verbs use the infinitive, minus -re, so amo (I love) becomes ama (love), and you can of course put the -re back on if you want to use the infinitive as the subject of a sentence (amare es bono, to love is good). Put -to on to form the past participle, so me es amato means I am loved. The present participle (-ing) is -nte, so amante means loving. (homine amante es homine felice - a loving person is a happy person). Past or future tenses can be indicated with particles, though once again this is not necessary when the tense is obvious (cras me veni - I will come tomorrow).
  
• Adjectives are formed by leaving it unchanged if the nominative neuter ends with -e, changing it to -o if it ends with -um, and in all other cases as with nouns. That gives adjectives like bono (good, from bonum), and triste (sad).
• Articles: articles don't exist, just as in classical Latin. Wikipedia's page explains this best so I'll just copy from there:

As with Latin, neither the definite nor the indefinite article exists in Latino sine Flexione. When necessary they may be translated with pronouns or words such as illo (it, that) or uno (one):

• da ad me libro = give me (the) book
• da ad me hoc libro = give me this book
• da ad me illo libro = give me that book
• da ad me uno libro = give me a book
• da ad me illo meo libro = give me that book of mine
• da ad me uno meo libro = give me a book of mine

• Adverbs: adverbs don't really need to be indicated if their use is obvious, like in scriptore labora bono - the writer works well (good). If necessary, you can indicate that something is an adverb with in modo (in the mode of) or cum mente (with the mind of, and similar to Spanish/Italian/French -mente or -ment), as in scriptore labora cum mente diligente, praeciso, et sapiente - the scribe works diligently, precisely, and wisely. Scriptore labora in modo diligente, praeciso, et sapiente is also the same thing.

This means, of course, that Latino sine flexione is a language with a very rigid word order compared to classical Latin, so something like auxilium dat (he/she/it gives help) becomes illo da auxilio. At the same time, unlike a lot of other international auxiliary languages, LsF doesn't attempt to restrict vocabulary, so words used in Latin can be ported over to LsF by just taking out your dictionary and converting the word. Of course, as the language was meant to be used for international / scientific communication, generally the point is to be as easy to understand as possible so obscure terms are not used all that often. Here's one example from Peano's Primo Libro (first book) about the types of eyes people have depending on their personality, which shows just how expressive LsF can be if one wants in spite of the simplified grammar:

Alio atque alio es oculo desperante, severo, frigido, minace, vituperante, objurgatorio (de parentes, dominatores, praepositos), indignabundo, exasperato, abhorrente, irato, expectante, suspicante, ofliciale (de actuario in cancellaria), inspirato (de vate, propheta, poeta, artifice), ignito (teste de fortitudine, audacia, ferocia), curioso, investigante, auscultante, examinante, elato (cum spe de victoria aut cum laetitia de victoria), moesto, flebile, lamentabile (in debilitate et impotentia), obsoleto, exstincto, foedo, truce (pro exemplo de malefactore convicto), distracto, stupido, confuso, secreto, clandestino, valde aperto, penetrante, moroso, inerte, fesso, lasso (de persona senile), anxio, sollieito, afflicto, melancholico, perturbato, dubio, incerto, pavido, inquieto, perplexo, vago, stupente, admirato, somniculoso, fanatico, sentimentale, libidinoso, phantastico, natante, labente (de moriente), poenitente, provocante, instigante, superbo, arrogante, imperioso, despotico, ironico, satyrico, sarcastico, malitioso, contemnente, fastidioso, stulto, dissumulante, pharisaico, incredulo, invidioso, insidioso, maligno, suspicioso, zelotypo, versuto, speculante, concupiscente, incesto, insatiabile, atroce, lascivo, servile, triumphante, rabido, furioso, infernale.

I won't translate the above but many of the words are already quite easy to understand: severo (severe), stupido (stupid), arrogante (arrogant), despotico (despotic), pharisaico (pharisaic), servile, triumphante (triumphant), and so on. In this sense it's a bit like Chinese in the simple grammar compared to the wealth of expression - the Chinese translation for the movie Gone With the Wind for example is 飘 (piāo), a single word which basically means, well, to go or scatter with the wind.


The real pity about LsF is that it was used so prominently during Peano's life and then suddenly dropped off the map. During a mathematical conference in 1924 (this page is written in a different language by the way so be sure not to confuse the two) Peano was given permission to give a discourse in the language, and apparently he often gave classes in the language too. There is also a ton of material at the Library of Congress that is apparently in quite bad condition created by Peano and others, and a number of books that are still available. Apparently there were a few thousand pages written in the language in total. One of those books, 100 Exemplo de Interlingua (Interlingua was the name by which the language went at the time, not to be confused with the other language named Interlingua that began in 1951) from 1913 for example has been scanned and put online and I'm currently transcribing it. In the book you can see a number of examples translated from classical Latin into LsF:

• Nocte seque die, from nox sequitur diem <-- night follows day
• Fine corona opere, from finis coronat opus <-- the end crowns the work
• Qui tace, consenti, from qui tacet consentit <-- silence gives consent (who is silent, consents)
• Gutta cava lapide, from gutta cavat lapidem <-- the drop caves rock (i.e. drops of water over the long term are stronger than rock)
• Arte imita natura, from ars imitatio naturae est <-- art is an imitation of nature (art imitates nature). You could also write it as arte es imitatione de natura.

At the moment LsF is almost completely moribund, and there's precious little content available online, though I and some others have been working to try to help this. You can see a Yahoo! Group here for example with some samples of news and the beginning of a translation of Treasure Island. Another site can be found here and a few others here and there, but still very little. What LsF needs the most though is a more complete dictionary and more transcribed content from Peano online, which is what I'm working on.

Finally, here are three small news articles I've written to show how LsF would function as a conveyer of information in modern times as well, not just the early 20th century. It should be pretty easy to understand for anyone with a knowledge of Latin/French/Spanish/etc. Can you tell what they're about?

In martio de anno 2009 (duo mille novem) incipe missione de Kepler. Missione vol observa 100,000 (centum mille) stella dum 3.5 (tres et dimidio) anno, et pote detege planetas cum magnitudine simile ad nostro Terra. Usque ad nunc 333 (tres centum triginta et tres) planta es detecto, sed omni es multo plus magno quam Terra.



Hodie duces de nationes conflue pro congressu contra problema de piratas circum litore de Somalia. In tempore ultimo, multo nave es capto per piratas, et isto es nunc problema pro communitate internationale, nam illo depende ad commercio in illo loco. Piratas capta plus quam 200 (duo centum) nave in 2008 (duo mille octo).



Nunc senato de Canada habe 18 (decem-octo) novo senatore. In Canada, primo ministro selige senatores pro senato, et senatores pote continua in senato usque ad aevo de 75 (septuaginta-quinque) anno sine electione. Tamen, primo ministro de Canada Stephen Harper vole emenda senato in Canada in futuro pro permitte ut cives de Canada pote selige senatores in electione.

Note: you can see Peano's original text in 1903 at this link here (it's a .doc file), an article that begins in classical Latin, then sheds complexities bit by bit until it becomes a different language (LsF) at the end. Kind of reminds me of that well-known ZE DREAM VIL FINALI KUM TRU! post a bit, but less jarring.



Edit: for an example of how the language works in chemical nomenclature, you can see an article written by Peano on the subject here. I'm going to include it below here as it's a bit tough to find on that page. Here it is:

NOMENCLATURA CHEMICO


Si nos vol ute Interlingua pro chemia scientifico, nos debe applica nomenclatura chemico, nam in linguas naturale non existe similitudine. Ergo nos elige nomenclatura maximo commodo et maximo consequente. Pro chemia inorganico id non es difficile, nam hic jam exsiste tale systema in linguas naturale.


Pro nomenclatura chemico nos jam posside systema internationale in formulas chemico. Sed isto es solo satis pro lingua scripto et non pro lingua locuto. Nunc lingua locuto, que es maximo prope ad lingua formulare, es maximo commodo.

Principio de formulario chemico es que nos ute symbolos de elementos constituente (ex que compositione exsiste).

Symbolos chemico es internationale, sed nomine non es. Nomines exsiste, que es alio in omne lingua; tale nomines debe es eliminato per nomine maximo internationale.

Ante 100 anno Berzelius habe donato nomines latino ad elementos chemico, ex que illo habe formato symbolos (p. e.: Ferrum, Fe). Nos debe conserva isto nomines tanto quam possibile, nam id es de importantia, que symbolo et nomine concorda. Nomines quam: azoto, sodio, potassio, etc., debe es eliminato. Solo nomine "hydrargyro" debe es mutato in "mercurio". Isto nomine es internationale, nam exsiste in omne compositione de mercurio.

Pro compositiones chemico nos seque isto regulas. Compositione de oxygenio, sulfure, hydrogenio, carbonio, nitrogenio es nominato oxydo, sulfido, hydrido, carbido, nitrido; compositione de chloro, bromio, jodio, nuore, etc., es nominato chlorido, bromido, jodido, fluorido,
etc. P. e.:

CaO = Calcio-oxydo,
ZnS = Zinco-sulfido,
CaH2 = Calcio-hydrido,
KCl = Kalio chlorido.

Ergo nos pone elemento electropositivo ante elemento electronegativo, ad que nos adde syllaba -ido.

Si de duo elemento existe plure compositione, nos indica numero de atomo de elemento electronegativo, que es ligato ad uno atomo de elemento electropositivo, per nomine numerale graeco. P. ex.:

PCl3 = phosphorotrichlorido,
PCl5 = phosphoropentachlorido.

Compositione de elemento cum plurevalentia es indicato internationale:

in compositione de valentia alto nos adde, ad nomine de elemento electropositivo, syllaba -i;

in compositione de valentia basso nos adde, ad nomine de elemento electropositivo, syllaba -o. P. ex.:

Hg2O = mercuro-oxido,
HgO = mercuri-oxido,
FeS = ferro-sulfido,
Fe2S3 = ferri-sulfido,

Radicales obtine nomine speciale, que es composito ex suo elementos. Super nominatione de isto radicales perturbatione exsiste; nos i ute systema que es maximo curto et maximo regulare que es etiam maxim proximo ad systema de Berzelius.

Anion que contine oxygenio es designato per syllaba -ato post nomine de elemento.

Sale de anion SO4= sulfato.

Tale modo nos obtine: phosphato, carbonato, nitrato, etc. P. e2~.:

N2SO4 = natrio-sulfato,
CaCO3 = calcio-carbonato.

Ergo, acido libero debe es nominato consequente. P. ex.:

H2SO4 = hydro-sulfato,
HNO3 = hydro-nitrato.

Sed si nos vol indica que id es acido, nos etiam pote dic: sulfatacido, nitratacido.

Super isto fundamento nos pote continua. Anion paupere de oxygenio obtine syllaba -ito post nomine de elemento.

Sale de anion S03 = sulfito.

Tale modo nos obtine phosphito, nitrito, chlorito. P. ex.:

MClO2 = manganochlorito,
MClO3 = manganochlorato.

Anion maxim paupere de oxygenio obtine syllaba hypo ante nomine, anion maxim divite obtine antesyllaba per-.
Per ex.:

MClO = manganohypochlorito,
MClO4 = manganoperchlorato.

Nos pote etiam ute antesyllaba: ortho-, meta-, para- et pyro ad nomine de anion: isto usu es internationale.

Sale acido es desiginato per usu do nomine hydro, ad que nos pote etiam indica numero de cation substituente.
P. ex.:

NaH2PO4 = Natrio-bi-hydro-phosphato.

Sale basico raro posside compositione definito, id pote es indicato per additione de nomine "basico" aut per "sub" ante vocabulo acidificanto. P. ex.:

(HO2)BiNO3 = bismuthonitrato basico aut bismuthosubnitrato.

Read more...

100 Exemplo de Interlingua (latino sine flexione) by Giuseppe Peano: part 9

Here's part nine. See part 8 here, 7 here, 6 here, 5 here, 4 here, 3 here, 2 here, and part 1 here.



21. Occasione fac fur. L. "occasio facit furem"
= I. "l'occasione fa il ladro" = A. "opportunity makes the thief".

occasione sio | occasione | occasion | occasion | Occasion
fac facio | fa, faceva | faire | do | tun | G. thesi, R. djeti, S. dha. >
factore | fattore | facteur | factor | Faktor
fur | ladro; furto | voleur, furtif | thief; furtive | Dieb, furtiv


22. Nocte fer consilio. F. "la nuit porte conseil
= L. "in nocte consilium" = G. *******

nocte nox | notte | nuit | night | Nacht
fer fero | porta | porter | bear | tragen, >
fertile | -ile | -ile | -ile | -il
consilio um | consiglio | conseil | counsel | Rat; consili(iren)


23. Exceptione proba regula. L. "exceptio probat regulam".

exceptione tio | eccezione | exception | exception | Exzeption
proba o | prova | preuve | prove | prüfe
regula | regola | règle | rule | Regel



24. Nocte seque die. L. "nox sequitur diem".

seque or | segue | suivre | ensue; sequence | folgen; Sequenz. | G. hepomai
die es | di, diurno, giorno | jour; lundi | day | Tag. >
di(ario) um | diario | diaire | diary | Diarium
di(urnale) is | diurnale, giornale | diurnal, journal | diurnal | diurnal
(meri)di(ano) us | meridiano | méridien | meridian | Meridian


25. Ver seque hieme. = L. "sequitur ver hiemem".

ver | primavera | printemps; vernal | spring; vernal | Frühling; Vernation | R. vesta, G. ear.
hieme s, hiberno | inverno; iemale | hiver; hiémal | winter; hiemal | winter; hiemal. || G. cheimon, R. zima.



26. Fine corona opere. L. "finis coronat opus".

fine is | fine | fin | end; final | Ende; final
corona o | coronare | couronner | crown | krönen
opere opus | opera | oeuvre | work | werk. >
(co)oper(atione) | -zione | -tion | -tion | tion | -tion



27. Qui vol, pote. F. "vouloir c'est pouvoir" I. "volere è potere".

qui | chi | qui | who | wer. = homo que
vol volo | volete | vouloir | will | wollen
pote possum | potere | pouvoir | can; potent | können; Potenz



28. Qui tace, consenti. L. "qui tacet consentit".
=A. "silence gives consent" = "silentio da consensu".

tace eo | tace | taire | taciturn | schweigen, Reticenz
consenti io | consentire | consentir | consent | konsentieren


29. Qui doce, disce. Seneca: "docendo discitur".

doce eo | insegna | enseigner | teach | lehren. >
doctore tor | dottore | docteur | doctor | Doctor
disce o | impara | apprendre | learn | lernen. >
discipulo us | discepolo | disciple | disciple | Diszipel
disciplina | -ina | -ine | -ine | -in



30. Divide et impera. =L.
divide o | divide | diviser; dividente | divide | teilen; dividieren
impera o | impera | inpératif | imperial | imperieren



31. In dubio, abstine. =L.
in | in | en: induction | in | in
dubio um | dubbio | doute | doubt | Zweifel; dubiös
abstine eo | astiene | abstenir | abstain | abstinieren



32. Re vario delecta. -- Varietate delecta. "Varietas delectat"

re res | cosa | chose | thing | Sache. > re-ale | reale | réel | real | real
vario us | vario | varié | various | Variation. >
varietate tas | varietà | variété | variety | Varietät
delecta o | diletta | délecter, amuser | delight, delectate | delectieren



33. Omni re muta, nullo more.
= Ovid. : "omnia mutantur, nihil interit"
= G. ***** (Heraclito) = "toto flue" = F. "tout passe".

omni is | ogni | tout | all | all. > omnipotente | -nte | -nt | -nt | -nt | -nt
muta o | muta | (per)muter | (com)mute | (trans)mutieren
nullo us | niumo, nullo | aucun, nul | no one, null | kein, Null
more ior | muore | mourir | die; mori(bund) | sterben, (im)mor(tell), Morder



34. Me vol es breve, et fi obscuro.
Horatio: "brevis esse laboro, obscurus fio".

me, ego | me, io | me, je | me, I | mir mich mein, Ich
obscuro us | oscuro | obscure | obscure | obskur, -antismus



35. Virtute sta in media. L. "in media stat virtus".

virtute virtus | virtù | vertu | virtue | Tüchtigkeit; virtu(ell) virtu(os)
sta o | sta | être; sta(ble) | stay | stehen; Sta(tion)
medio us | medio, mezzo | moyen | mean, mid- | Mitte



36. Nihil fi ex nihil L. "ex nihilo nihil fit".

nihil = nullo re | nihilismo | -isme | -ism | -ismus
ex | fuori | hors de | out | aus | G. ec ex. >
extracto | estratto | extrait | extract | extrakt



37. Cura cresce cum pecunia.
Horatio: "crescentem sequitur pecuniam cura".

cura | cura preoccupazione | cure | cure | Kur. >
curatore tor | -tore | -teur | -tor | -tor
cresce o | cresce | croître | grow; crescent | wachsen; Krescenz
cum| con | avec | with | with > commune, commercio
pecunia > pecuniario | -ario | -aire | -ary | -är


38. Necessitate ne habe lege. L. "necessitas non habet legem"

necessitatetas | necessità | nécessite | necessity | Notwendigkeit; Necessitarier
ne, non | non, nè | ne, non | no | nein
habe eo | ha, avere, abbiamo | avoir | have | habe
lege lex | la legge | loi | law | Gezetz; legal



39. Critica es facile, arte ne facile.
Destouches a. 1732: "La critique est aisée, et l'art est difficile".

critica | critica | critique | critic | Kritik
facile is | facile | facile | facile | facil


40. Omni rosa habe spina. L. "non est rosa sine spina"

spina | spina | épine | spine | Dorn; spinal

Read more...