Grammar of Occidental/Interlingue in Occidental translated into English: part 7

Here's part 7 of the English translation of the Haas grammar on Occidental in Occidental (from here) that I'm doing mostly for my own benefit. Today's content is all about prepositions.

§ 99. Omni prepositiones sta ínmediatmen avan lor complement. lli es ínvariabil. Pos prepositiones on usa li acusative del pronómines, o li nominative except yo e tu.	§ 99. All prepositions are located immediately in from of their complement. They are invariable. After prepositiones one uses the accusative of the pronouns, or the nominative except yo and tu.
§ 100. Li usation del prepositiones in li lingues national es multvez contradictori. Pro to on deve sempre usar li prepositiones secun lor propri signification. In casus, u on ne trova un preposition con li exact sens a expresser, on usa li preposition ye, quel indica un relation índefinit. Ma tre sovente on posse usar li prepositiones a, de e in, queles have pluri significationes.	§ 100. The use of prepositions in natural languages is often contradictory.. Because of that one should always use prepositions according to their proper meaning. In cases where one cannot find a preposition with the exact sense to be expressed one uses the preposition ye, which indicates an indefinite relation. But very often one can use the prepositions a, de and in, which have multiple meanings.
§ 101, Multvez li relation es clar anc sin preposition. Li verbes es p. ex. usat maxim possibil sin preposition, con ínmediatmen sequent object, si li relation es clar; ma li usation de un sensconform preposition es sempre permisset. Il intrat li chambre. Il intrat in li chambre. Il montat li monte. Il montat sur li monte. Yo memora li cose. Yo memora pri li cose. Il prepara un viage. Il prepara se por un viage.	§ 101, Often the relation is clear even without a preposition. Verbs are for example used as much as possible without proposition, with an immediately following object, if the relation is clear, but the use of a preposition is always permitted. Il intrat li chambre. Il intrat in li chambre. Il montat li monte. Il montat sur li monte. Yo memora li cose. Yo memora pri li cose. Il prepara un viage. Il prepara se por un viage. (Lit. He entered the room. He entered in the room. He climbed the mountain. He climbed on the mountain. I remember the thing. I remember about the thing. I prepare a journey. I prepare myself for a journey.)
§102. Li maxim frequent prepositiones es:	§102. The most frequent prepositions are:
a: (in combinationes anc ad.) Il dat li flores a su amata. Yo dat un libre a Paul. Yo dat le un libre. Yo dat un libre a le. Un epistul a nor societé. Yo viagea a New York. Li vapornave ea a Lisboa. Clar a departer. Un error a regretar. Quo vu di pri mi arme a foy? Yo selectet it de tri armes a frs. 40.—. Yo va atender vos a tri horas al exeada nord del station. ad posse esser combinat con altri prepositiones e adverbies por far plu clar li sens: adavan, adsur, adin, ad-in, etc.	a: (English to in combinationes also "ad".) He gave flowers to his lover. I gave a book to Paul. I gave him a book. I gave a book to him. An epistle (letter) to our company. I journey to New York. The steamship goes to Lisbon. Clear to depart. An error to regret. What say you about my firearm? I selectet it from three arms at 40 fr. I will wait for you at three hours at the north exit of the station. ad can be combined with other prepositions and adverbs to further clarify the sense: adavan, adsur, adin, ad-in, etc.
along: Ili promenat along li rive del lago.	along: Ili promenat along li rive del lago. (They walked along the shore of the lake.)
ante (temporal): Il vivet ante Christ. Li sestra venit tri semanes ante su fratre, ante tri mensus (o tri mensus ante nu). Ella va departer ante fine de tri mensus. Felicitá veni ante richesse. Il incontrat le ante li dom.	ante (temporal "before"): Il vivet ante Christ. Li sestra venit tri semanes ante su fratre, ante tri mensus (o tri mensus ante nu). Ella va departer ante fine de tri mensus. Felicitá veni ante richesse. Il incontrat le ante li dom. (He lived before Christ. The sister came three weeks before her brother, three months ago (or three months before now). She will depart before the end of three months. Happiness comes before wealth. He met him before the house.)
apu: Li dom sta proxim li eclesia, ma ne apu it. Li turre de nor eclesia sta apu li eclesia, ma ne al eclesia, proque it ne tucha li eclesia self, ma lassa un passage inter li du. Li dolore fisic es nequó apu li dolore mental.	apu (beside): Li dom sta proxim li eclesia, ma ne apu it. Li turre de nor eclesia sta apu li eclesia, ma ne al eclesia, proque it ne tucha li eclesia self, ma lassa un passage inter li du. Li dolore fisic es nequó apu li dolore mental. (The house stands close to the church, but not beside it. The tower of our church stands beside the church, but not towards the church, because it does not touch the church itself, but leaves a passage between the two. Physical pain is nothing beside mental pain.)
avan (local): Li patre promenat avan li dom. Li patre promenat a avan li dom. Li patre venit de avan li dom. Il incontrat le avan li dom.	avan (in front, before): Li patre promenat avan li dom. Li patre promenat a avan li dom. Li patre venit de avan li dom. Il incontrat le avan li dom. (The father walked in front of the house. The father walked to the front of the house. The father came from the front of the house. He met him before the house.)
caus: Caus vor intervention yo arivat ante minocte avan mi dom.	caus (because of): Caus vor intervention yo arivat ante minocte avan mi dom. Due to your intervention I arrived before midnight before my house.
che: Il logiat che su fratre. Durante long témpor il vivet che li germanes. Che li canes on distincte divers rasses.	che (at, like French chez): Il logiat che su fratre. Durante long témpor il vivet che li germanes. Che li canes on distincte divers rasses. (He stayed at his brother's. For a long time he lived with the Germans. One distinguishes diverse races with dogs.)
circum: Circum li eclesia stat alt árbores. Li terra torna circum li sole.	circum (around): Circum li eclesia stat alt árbores. Li terra torna circum li sole. (Around the church stand old trees. The earth turns around the sun.)
cis: Francia es situat cis li Pirenés.	cis (on this side): Francia es situat cis li Pirenés. (France is situated on this side of the Pyrennes.)
con: Li filio ea con su patre along li fluvie. Ella stat con lacrimes in li ocules con su marito avan li station.	con (with): Li filio ea con su patre along li fluvie. Ella stat con lacrimes in li ocules con su marito avan li station. (The son goes with his father along the river. She stood with tears in her eyes with her husband before the station.)
contra: Li unes laborat contra li altres. Il exchangea su bicicle contra combustibiles. Li aeroplan aviat contra li gratta-ciel.	contra (against): Li unes laborat contra li altres. Il exchangea su bicicle contra combustibiles. Li aeroplan aviat contra li gratta-ciel. (They worked against each other (lit. the ones worked against the others). He exchanges his bicycle for combustibles. The airplane flew against the skyscraper.)
de: Li dom de mi patre. Li dramas de Schiller. Un senior de Paris. Li maxim grand de omnis. Un vase de aure. Ti lettres es scrit de un poet per scri-machine. Li moné de un povri vidua ha esset furtet per un escapate del prison, nascet de rich genitores. Il vivet lontan de su patre, de quel il nequande audít alquó.	de (of, from): The house of my father. The dramas of Schiller. A gentleman from Paris. The largest of all. A vase of gold. These letters are written by a poet by a writing machine. The money of a poor widow has been taken by a prison breaker, born from rich parents. He lived far from his father, of which he never heard anything.
desde: Desde du annus il neplu posse laborar. Il vendi chapeles desde frs. 20.—. Il prendet li tren de Roma desde Milano.	desde (since, for): Desde du annus il neplu posse laborar. Il vendi chapeles desde frs. 20.—. Il prendet li tren de Roma desde Milano. (He hasn't worked any more for two years. He sells hats from 20 fr. He took the Rome train from Milano.)
detra: Detra li dom esset un grand corte.	detra (behind): Detra li dom esset un grand corte. (Behind the house was a large court.)
durante: Durante li estive li infantes ludet sur li plazza. Li un de su filios studiat medícina, durante que li altri ne volet studiar.	durante (during, while): Durante li estive li infantes ludet sur li plazza. Li un de su filios studiat medícina, durante que li altri ne volet studiar. (During the summer the children played in the square. One of his/her sons studied medicine, while the other didn't want to study.)
ex: Il venit ex su chambre. Yo trinca ex li glass. Traductet ex german a Interlingue. Li vestiment es fat ex pur lane. Noi audit in li radio un concert de Beethoven ex London.	ex (from, out of): Il venit ex su chambre. Yo trinca ex li glass. Traductet ex german a Interlingue. Li vestiment es fat ex pur lane. Noi audit in li radio un concert de Beethoven ex London. (He came out of his room. I drink from the glass. Translated from German to Interlingue. The clothing is made out of pure wool. We heard on the radio a concert by Beethoven from London.)
extra: Il vivet extra su patria. Soledí ili devet luder extra li audir-distantie.	extra (without, outside): Il vivet extra su patria. Soledí ili devet luder extra li audir-distantie. (He lived without his father. On Saturday they had to play outside of hearing distance.)
in: Mult persones vive in li cité. Multís vell preferer viver in li rure. In omni ocasion il eat al forest vice al scol, adminim decivez in min quam un annu.	in: Mult persones vive in li cité. Multís vell preferer viver in li rure. In omni ocasion il eat al forest vice al scol, adminim decivez in min quam un annu. (Many people live in the city. Many would prefer to live in the country. In every occasion he went to the forest instead of to school, at least ten times at least in a year.)
ínfra: Li aviones vola infra li stratosfere. Il sedet intra li fable, e li patre supra. Sub li table esset un can. Súper li table esset li lampe e sur li table un libre.	ínfra (under, below): Li aviones vola infra li stratosfere. Il sedet intra li fable, e li patre supra. Sub li table esset un can. Súper li table esset li lampe e sur li table un libre. (Airplanes fly below the stratosphere. He sat under the table, and the father above. Under the table was a dog. On the table was the lamp and on the table a book.)
inter: Ili esset li sol tranquil scoleros inter mult bruiosi. Inter New York e Paris. Inter du e tri horas. Un conversation inter du amicos. Divider un heredage inter li filios. Un guerre inter du nationes.	inter (within, between): Ili esset li sol tranquil scoleros inter mult bruiosi. Inter New York e Paris. Inter du e tri horas. Un conversation inter du amicos. Divider un heredage inter li filios. Un guerre inter du nationes. (They were the only quiet pupils between many noisy ones. Between New York and Paris. Between two and three hours. A conversation between two friends. To divide an inheritance between the sons. A war between two nations.)
intra: Ili ne posset penetrar intra li mures del cité. Yo va retrovenir intra tri hores.	intra (inside): Ili ne posset penetrar intra li mures del cité. Yo va retrovenir intra tri hores. (They couldn't penetrate inside the walls of the city. I will return inside three hours.)
malgré: Malgré su grand efortíes il ne posset perforar li mur.	malgré (in spite of): Malgré su grand efortíes il ne posset perforar li mur. (In spite of his large efforts he couldn't break through the wall.
per (medie): Il defendet se per un gladíe. Il salvat se per natar. Li moné esset furtet per un ínconosset hom.	per (by, with): Il defendet se per un gladíe. Il salvat se per natar. Li moné esset furtet per un ínconosset hom. (He defended himself with a sword. He saved himself by swimming. The money was stolen by an unknown man.)
por (scope): Un líbre por omnes e por nequí. On manja por viver, on ne vive por manjar. Yo comprat un líbre por frs. 10.—, grand por su precie. It sufice por long, ne solmen por deman.	por (for): Un líbre por omnes e por nequí. On manja por viver, on ne vive por manjar. Yo comprat un líbre por frs. 10.—, grand por su precie. It sufice por long, ne solmen por deman. (A book for everyone and for none. One eats to live, one does not live to eat. I bought a book for 10 fr., large for its price. It suffices for a long time, not just for tomorrow.)
pri (dominia): Noi parlat pri politica. Yo ha mult pensat pri vos.	pri (about): Noi parlat pri politica. Yo ha mult pensat pri vos. (We talked about politics. I have much thought about you.)
pro (cause): Ella plorat pro joya. Yo mersía pro vor auxilie.	pro (for, due to): Ella plorat pro joya. Yo mersía pro vor auxilie. (She cried for joy. I thank you for your help.)
pos: Pos quelc dies ili tamen atinget lor scope. Li capitano vení pos li major.	pos (after): Pos quelc dies ili tamen atinget lor scope. Li capitano vení pos li major. (After some days however, they attained their goal. The captain comes after the major.)
préter: Ili passat préter li dom de mi patre.	préter (by): Ili passat préter li dom de mi patre. (They passed by the house of my father.)
proxim: Il habitat proxím li cité.	proxim (close to): Il habitat proxím li cité. (He lived close to the city.)
secun: Secun li prescription to ne es permisset.	secun (according to): Secun li prescription to ne es permisset. (According to the prescription, that is not permitted.)
sin: Il fat to sín saver pro quo.	sin (without): Il fat to sín saver pro quo. (He did it without knowing why)
sub: Sub li árbor on trovat mult fructes sur li table. Li carre vacilat sub li carga. Il havet plu quam 100 persones sub su autoritá. Il scrit sub un pseudonim, que mem sub Napoleon on ne devet laborar sub tal mal conditiones.	sub (under): Sub li árbor on trovat mult fructes sur li table. Li carre vacilat sub li carga. Il havet plu quam 100 persones sub su autoritá. Il scrit sub un pseudonim, que mem sub Napoleon on ne devet laborar sub tal mal conditiones. (Under the tree were found many fruits under the table. The car faltered under the load. He had more than 100 people under his authority. He wrote under a pseudonym, that even under Napoleon one should not work under such bad condition.)
súper: Súper li árbor volat un avie; quelc altris sedet sur it e celat se detra e sub su folies.	súper (over): Súper li árbor volat un avie; quelc altris sedet sur it e celat se detra e sub su folies. (Over the tree flew a bird; some others sat on it and hid themselves behind and under the leaves.)
sur: It venit de sub li table súper it e poy sedet sur it.	sur (on): It venit de sub li table súper it e poy sedet sur it. (It came from under the table to the top of it and then sat on it.)
til: Yo laborat til decidu horas. Til li extrem fine del munde, su influentie es sentibil, til que un altri va vicear le.	til: Yo laborat til decidu horas. Til li extrem fine del munde, su influentie es sentibil, til que un altri va vicear le. (I worked until 12 o'clock. Until the extreme end of the world his influence is felt, until another will replace him.)
tra: Yo ha videt le tra li fenestre promenante tra li campes.	tra (through): Yo ha videt le tra li fenestre promenante* tra li campes. (I have seen him through the window walking through the fields.)
trans: Li tren ea tra li túnnel del Sanct Gotthard trans li Alpes.	trans (through): Li tren ea tra li túnnel del Sanct Gotthard trans li Alpes. (The train goes through the tunnel of Saint Gotthard through the Alps.)
ultra: Ultra francesi e german il parla anc ínterlingue.	ultra (besides): Ultra francesi e german il parla anc ínterlingue. (Besides French and German he also speaks Interlingue.)
vers: Li avie volat vers li sole.	vers (toward): Li avie volat vers li sole. (The bird flew toward the school.)
vice: Il venit vice su patre, ma solmen pos tri semanes vice intra du semanes.	vice (instead of): Il venit vice su patre, ma solmen pos tri semanes vice intra du semanes. (He came instead of his father, but only three weeks after instead of within two weeks.)
vis a vis: Vis a vis li eclesia on vide li scola.	vis a vis (facing): Vis a vis li eclesia on vide li scola. (Vis a vis the church one sees the school.)
ye es usat, si exceptionalmen null altri preposition es apt: Ye (in) omni ocasion il eat in li forest vice al scol. Yo va atender vos precisi ye (a) tri horas sur li plazza del scola. Yo vide la ye (che, avan, al) li triesim dom. Ili pariat ye (per, de) quin francs.	ye is used exceptionally if no other preposition is apt: In (in) every occasion he went in the forest instead of to school. I will wait for you precisely at (a) three o'clock in the square of the school. I see her at (che, avan, al) the third house. They bet (per, de) five francs.
§ 103. Mult prepositional expressiones es format per adverbies e adjectives: Mersí vor auxilie, yo posset fìnir li labor ante li fixat termin, exceptet li ultim págines, queles ne es conform al programma. Concernent vor ultim question, yo posse solmen dir, que il esset in medie del chambre ínter su infantes.	§ 103. Many prepositional expressions are formed by adverbs and adjectives: Mersí vor auxilie, yo posset fìnir li labor ante li fixat termin, exceptet li ultim págines, queles ne es conform al programma. Concernent vor ultim question, yo posse solmen dir, que il esset in medie del chambre ínter su infantes. (Thank you for your help, I was able to finish the work before the fixed end date, except the last pages which do not conform to the program. Concerning your last question, I can only say that he was in the middle of the room with his children.)