Differences between Istanbul Turkish and Kazakh

Қазақ тілі — Қазақстан Республикасының мемлекеттік тілі, сонымен қатар Ресей, Өзбекстан, Қытай, Моңғолия жəне т.б. елдерде тұратын қазақтардың ана тілі.

A forum post here has a helpful comment that lays out some of the major differences between Turkish and Kazakh, two languages that resemble each other quite a bit but certainly not to the extent that you'd ever confuse one with another (especially when written). Here are some of the ways in which the two differ. I'll include just three examples for each aspect, but the original forum post has many more.

Turkish ş (English sh) becomes s in Kazakh:

taş - tas (stone)
beş - bes (five)
karşı - qarsı (against)

Turkish ç (English ch) becomes ş (sh) in Kazakh:

üç - üş (three)
ağaç - ağaş (tree)
için - üşin (for, in order to)

Turkish y becomes j:

yer - jer (Earth, ground)
yıl - jıl (year)
yol - jol (road)

Turkish g becomes Kazakh k:

göz - köz (eye)
göl - köl (lake)
gümüş - kümis (gold)

Turkish d becomes Kazakh t:

dil - til (language)
dört - tört (four)
diş - tis (tooth)

Turkish b becomes Kazakh m:

ben - men (I)
burun - murın (nose)
boyun - moyın (neck)

Turkish v becomes Kazakh b:

var - bar (there is, exists)
varlık - barlıq (possessions, wealth)
ver - ber- (give)

Turkish ğ (an unpronounced letter that lengthens the previous vowel) becomes Kazakh w:

dağ - taw (mountain)
bağ - baw (tie, link)

Words from Arabic and Persian with an f become p in Kazakh:

fikir - pikir (thought)
fayda - payda (benefit)
misafir - müsäpir (guest)

The languages naturally differ in more ways than this, but knowing this can be helpful in the same way that knowing that ss and t in German can often correspond to English p and d.